According to James E. Grunig, Larissa A. Grunig and David M. Dozier in Excellent Public Relations and Effective Organizations (2002), which set of characteristics best reflects “excellent” public relations?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Excellent public relations is characterized by its strategic, ethical, and organization-wide role rather than mere tactical or media-focused activities.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Grunig’s Excellence theory: PR is most effective when it functions as a strategic management activity, not just tactical communication.  
- Two-way symmetrical communication: mutual understanding and negotiation between organization and publics, rather than one-way persuasion.  
- Integration: communication functions coordinated across the organization produce consistent, coherent messaging and strategy.  
- Empowerment within senior management: PR must have influence at top decision-making levels to align policy and communication.  
- Professional and diverse workforce: skilled, ethically grounded practitioners enable strategic counsel and adaptiveness.

2. Step-by-step reasoning process
Step 1: Identify elements Grunig et al. prescribe: managerial role, senior-management empowerment, two-way symmetrical model, integrated communication, diverse/professional staff.  
Step 2: Match these elements to the answer choices. Option 3 explicitly lists all five elements.  
Step 3: Compare alternatives: other choices emphasize one-way persuasion, tactical/media-only functions, decentralization, or profit-focus—each contradicts core Excellence principles.

3. Intermediate steps and comparisons
- Option 1: Focuses on operational/reactive/asymmetrical approaches — inconsistent with two-way symmetry and strategic management.  
- Option 2: Emphasizes tactical, one-way persuasion and profit maximization — lacks integration and managerial empowerment.  
- Option 4: Limits PR to media relations and decentralised, one-way campaigns — excludes senior-management influence and two-way symmetry.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
Option 3 contains the five hallmark characteristics Grunig, Grunig, and Dozier identify as reflecting “excellent” public relations: PR as a managerial function; empowerment within senior management; two-way symmetrical communication; an integrated communication function; and a diverse, professionally knowledgeable workforce. These features enable ethical, strategic, and effective organizational-public relationships.

5. Why other options are incorrect (brief)
- Options 1, 2, and 4 prioritize one-way persuasion, tactical or media-only roles, decentralization, or reactive crisis management—contradicting the Excellence model’s emphasis on strategic, two-way, integrated, and empowered PR.

6. Conclusion
The correct answer is: Public relations as a managerial function, empowerment of PR within senior management, two-way symmetrical communication, an integrated communication function, and a diverse and professionally knowledgeable workforce. This matches the provided answer.

According to James E. Grunig, Larissa A. Grunig and David M. Dozier in Excellent Public Relations and Effective Organizations (2002), which set of characteristics best reflects “excellent” public relations?单项选择题

类似问题

Why is the Two-Way Symmetrical Model useful in Public Relations?

According to Kelly P. Werder (2015), the strategic communication messaging framework highlights an important shift in research focus within public relations and strategic communication scholarship. What is this shift?

In Vincent Hazleton’s public relations process model (as discussed by Kelly P. Werder), how are strategic communication messages best conceptualised?

In Grunig, Grunig and Dozier (2002), the final development of symmetry moves beyond the idea that organisations should always fully accommodate publics. Instead, symmetrical communication is best understood as:

Contingency Theory proposes that organisations manage conflict by:

In Tsetsura (2021) how does media relations fit within the relational paradigm of public relations?

Name the Supreme Court decision that removed financial constraints on PACs.

Political scientists Joshua Kalla and David Broockman find that senior policy makers made themselves available to _____ between three and four times more often than they did to constituents.

更多留学生实用工具

智能学习助手

风格化写作助手

论文查重助手

文献引用助手

课堂转译助手

课堂笔记助手

Quiz搜索助手

学校历年真题

智能刷题助手

智能匹配练习

希望你的学习变得更简单