Political scientists Joshua Kalla and David Broockman find that senior policy makers made themselves available to _____ between three and four times more often than they did to constituents.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Senior policymakers made themselves available to donors between three and four times more often than they did to constituents.

Relevant knowledge points and concepts:
- "Access" in political science denotes opportunities for face-to-face meetings, phone calls, or other direct contact between officials and outside actors. 
- Campaign contributions are widely believed to buy influence or at least increased access; Kalla and Broockman tested this relationship empirically.
- The study compared rates of availability (responses, meeting offers, or time scheduled) when requests came from typical constituents versus from identified donors.

Step-by-step reasoning and methodology (conceptual reconstruction):
1. Define two groups: constituents (C) and donors (D). Measure availability as the count or rate of successful contacts/meeting offers in response to outreach.
2. The authors sent comparable requests or measured equivalent contact attempts for both types of actors so that differences reflect differential treatment, not differing message content.
3. They computed the ratio R = Availability(D) / Availability(C).
4. The observed R fell between 3 and 4, meaning Availability(D) = 3–4 × Availability(C). For illustration: if constituents received 10 meeting offers, donors would receive 30–40 offers under the same protocol; all intermediate steps in such a ratio calculation are simple multiplications demonstrating the “three to four times” claim.

Why the correct answer is "donors":
- The study’s core finding is that giving or being a donor increases the likelihood of securing officials’ time relative to ordinary constituents. Donors are the specific subgroup that achieved the 3–4× greater availability.

Why other options are incorrect:
- Constituents would be the baseline group, not the group receiving more access.
- Journalists, activists, or lobbyists are different categories; the quoted statistic specifically compares donors to constituents, not those other groups.

Conclusion: The empirical finding and the ratio described identify donors as the group receiving three to four times greater access, confirming the correct answer: donors.

Political scientists Joshua Kalla and David Broockman find that senior policy makers made themselves available to _____ between three and four times more often than they did to constituents.简答题

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