Which of the following is an ethics principle to which psychological research abides?
i. Informed Consent: Providing details of the research study and allowing prospective participants to volunteer or withdraw from the study. ii. Confidentiality: Information learnt about the individual participants will not be publicly disclosed without individual's consent. iii. Benefits: Risks vs. benefits considered and conveyed. Study should only be conducted if benefits likely outweigh risks, and participants are informed of the risks. iv. Deception: Participants must never be deceived about the true nature of a research study.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Respect for persons requires informed consent: participants must be given sufficient information about the study and the opportunity to volunteer or withdraw. This directly corresponds to statement i and is a core ethical principle (Belmont Report / APA).

Relevant knowledge points and concepts:
- Respect for Persons: informed consent and voluntary participation (i).
- Beneficence: maximize benefits and minimize harms; consider and convey risks vs benefits (iii).
- Confidentiality / Privacy: protecting identifiable information and not disclosing without consent (ii).
- Deception: not categorically forbidden; may be permitted only when justified, when no feasible alternative exists, when deception does not cause harm, and when participants are debriefed and oversight (IRB/ethics committee) approves it.

Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Evaluate i (Informed Consent): matches the respect-for-persons principle — true.
2. Evaluate ii (Confidentiality): matches privacy/confidentiality obligations — true.
3. Evaluate iii (Benefits / Risks): matches beneficence — true.
4. Evaluate iv (Deception: Participants must never be deceived): this is false as an absolute statement. Ethical guidelines do not ban deception entirely; they restrict and regulate it. Deception can be allowed under strict conditions (minimal risk, no viable alternatives, informed debriefing, IRB approval). Thus iv is incorrect as stated.

Why the correct answer is correct:
Because i, ii, and iii are established, explicit ethics principles that psychological research must follow. Statement iv is incorrect because it asserts an absolute prohibition on deception, which contradicts standard ethical frameworks that permit limited, justified deception.

Why other options are incorrect:
- "I and II only": excludes beneficence (iii), so omits a core principle.
- "I and III only": excludes confidentiality (ii), so incomplete.
- "All of the above": includes iv, which is incorrect as an absolute rule.

Conclusion: The correct choice is I, II, and III only, matching the provided answer.

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