Two types of requirements are functional and non-functional. The difference between the two is/are:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Functional requirements specify what the system must do (the services, features, and specific behaviours), while non‑functional requirements specify how the system performs those functions (quality attributes, constraints and measurable criteria such as performance, reliability, security, usability).

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Functional requirements: describe functions or behaviors (e.g., "The system shall allow a user to log in," "The system shall generate monthly invoices"). They are concrete, testable actions the system must perform.
- Non‑functional requirements: describe system qualities or constraints (e.g., "The system shall respond to search queries within 2 seconds," "Data must be encrypted at rest"). They specify how well or under what conditions the functions must operate.

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- Compare each option to the definitions above.
  - Option a: says functional = how and non‑functional = what. This reverses the standard definitions, so it is incorrect.
  - Option b: states functional = what, non‑functional = how. This matches the standard definitions exactly.
  - Option c: claims functional are more important than non‑functional. Importance is subjective and context dependent; both types are essential for a successful system (missing non‑functional requirements often causes system failure), so this absolute statement is incorrect.
  - Option d: says functional requirements are specific behaviours compared to non‑functional requirements. That aligns with the definition that functional requirements enumerate specific actions/behaviours; non‑functional are attributes/constraints. So this is correct.
  - Option e: “None” is wrong because correct statements exist (b and d).

3) Intermediate examples (illustrative)
- Functional example: “User can upload a file.” (a specific behaviour)
- Non‑functional example: “Upload must complete within 10 seconds for files ≤ 10 MB.” (a quality/constraint describing how)

4) Why the correct answers are correct
- Option b captures the fundamental distinction (what vs how). Option d emphasizes that functional requirements are concrete behaviours, which is true and complementary to b.

5) Why other options are incorrect
- a is reversed, c is an unjustified prioritization, e is false because correct options exist.

Conclusion: The correct selections are options b and d, which matches the provided answer.

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