Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Individual vulnerability and resilience determine who develops PTSD after trauma, so exposure alone does not guarantee PTSD.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- PTSD (per DSM-5) is a disorder that can follow exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, characterized by intrusive memories, avoidance, negative mood/cognitions, and hyperarousal persisting for at least one month.
- Risk and protective factors include prior trauma, psychiatric history, social support, peritraumatic reactions, neurobiological differences (HPA axis, amygdala), and genetic predisposition. Resilience factors (coping skills, social support) reduce risk.
- Onset can be immediate or delayed; genetic factors contribute to susceptibility; symptom presentation varies and is not simply attention-seeking.

2. Step-by-step reasoning
- Option D states that not every person exposed to the same event develops PTSD. This reflects established epidemiology: many people experience trauma but only a subset develop PTSD, because individual risk/protective factors modulate the outcome.
- Compare each alternative to clinical knowledge:
  a) “A person experiences PTSD symptoms only several months or years after a trauma” is incorrect because PTSD can begin within days to weeks; although delayed expression exists, it is not the only or required pattern.
  b) “Genetic inheritance does not play a role” is incorrect; twin and family studies show heritability and gene–environment interactions influencing PTSD risk.
  c) “People with PTSD seek attention and are open to expressing their emotions” is incorrect and stigmatizing; many with PTSD withdraw, numb, or suppress emotions, and symptoms are involuntary, not attention-seeking.

3. Intermediate steps / evidence
- Epidemiologic data: lifetime prevalence of PTSD among trauma-exposed populations is substantially less than 100% (varies by trauma type), demonstrating that exposure does not equal disorder.
- Biological and psychosocial studies identify measurable differences (e.g., cortisol regulation, genetic polymorphisms, social support levels) that explain differential outcomes.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- The correct option captures the central clinical and epidemiologic fact: individual differences determine who develops PTSD after the same trauma. This aligns with diagnostic criteria and research showing many exposed individuals do not develop PTSD.

5. Why other options are incorrect (brief)
- A: Misstates timing—onset can be immediate or delayed.
- B: Contradicted by genetic and twin study evidence.
- C: Mischaracterizes symptoms and motives; PTSD symptoms are not simply attention-seeking.

6. Conclusion
The statement “Not every person exposed to the same event develops PTSD” is correct and matches the provided answer.

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?单项选择题

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