John has been having difficulty falling and staying asleep for the past few months. He has lost his appetite, lost some weight, and feels physically fatigued a great deal of the time. These are all examples of the _____________ symptoms typically associated with ______________.未知题型
A
motivational; major depression
B
mood-state; dysthymia
C
somatic; major depression
D
cognitive; dysthymia

Question

John has been having difficulty falling and staying asleep for the past few months. He has lost his appetite, lost some weight, and feels physically fatigued a great deal of the time. These are all examples of the _ symptoms typically associated with __.未知题型

A

motivational; major depression

B

mood-state; dysthymia

C

somatic; major depression

D

cognitive; dysthymia

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Somatic symptoms refer to physical or bodily changes—sleep disturbance, appetite/weight change, and fatigue are classic examples—so these are somatic symptoms and are typically associated with major depressive disorder.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Somatic (or vegetative) symptoms are physical manifestations of mood disorders: insomnia or hypersomnia, significant weight loss/gain or change in appetite, psychomotor agitation/retardation, and fatigue or loss of energy.
- Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) diagnostic criteria (DSM) include a cluster of emotional, cognitive, motivational, and somatic symptoms. A person must exhibit five or more symptoms during the same 2-week period, one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.
- Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder) is a chronic, milder depressive condition lasting at least 2 years and emphasizes persistent low mood rather than necessarily prominent somatic symptoms.

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- Identify John's symptoms: difficulty falling and staying asleep (insomnia), loss of appetite, weight loss, and persistent physical fatigue.
- Classify these: each is a bodily (vegetative) symptom—sleep, appetite/weight, and energy—so they are somatic.
- Determine the disorder they typically indicate: such vegetative symptoms are hallmark features of major depressive episodes; they commonly appear in MDD and are part of DSM criteria.

3) Intermediate steps / calculations
- No numerical calculations needed. Mapping items to symptom categories:
  - Sleep disturbance → somatic
  - Appetite/weight change → somatic
  - Fatigue → somatic

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- The listed problems are physical/vegetative in nature, matching the definition of somatic symptoms. Major depression commonly presents with these somatic signs as part of a depressive episode.

5) Why other options are incorrect
- "Motivational; major depression": motivational symptoms refer to reduced drive/interest (anhedonia), which isn’t what John’s listed symptoms primarily are.
- "Mood-state; dysthymia": mood-state refers to affect (persistent low mood); dysthymia is chronic low-grade depression lasting ≥2 years, whereas John’s primary issues are physical symptoms and described over “past few months.”
- "Cognitive; dysthymia": cognitive symptoms would include negative beliefs, poor concentration, indecisiveness; John’s symptoms are bodily, not cognitive.

6) Conclusion
The correct choice is somatic; major depression, which matches the provided answer.

John has been having difficulty falling and staying asleep for the past few months. He has lost his appetite, lost some weight, and feels physically fatigued a great deal of the time. These are all examples of the _ symptoms typically associated with __.未知题型

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