Hiring practices where resumes and applicants with "foreign" or "non-white" names are routinely rejected, leading some applicants to "whiten" their resumes, are an example of

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks us to identify the label for hiring practices where resumes and applicants with 'foreign' or 'non-white' names are routinely rejected, and some applicants respond by whitening their resumes.
Option 1: 'exclusionary zoning practices.' Exclusionary zoning refers to local land-use regulations that restrict who can live in certain areas, such as through minimum lot sizes or prohibitions on multifamily housing. This is a housing-policy concept, not a hiring practice, so it does not fit the scenario described.
Option 2: 'institutionalized discriminations.' This option captures the idea that discrimination is embedded in the structures and procedures of institutions, including hiring processes. When systematic bias operates through resume screening and hiring protocols that disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups, it reflects an institutionalized form of discrimination.
Option 3: 'expectancy violations.' In social psychology, expectancy violation concerns how people react when others violate expected norms of behavior, often affecting interpersonal judgments. It is not a term that describes biased, structural hiring practices, making it an inappropriate label for this scenario.
Option 4: 'relational messages.' Relational messages pertain to the meanings conveyed in interpersonal communications about relationships, power, or affection. While communications can reflect bias, this term does not specifically denote structural discrimination within hiring practices.
Thus, when considering the systemic pattern of biased hiring decisions based on ethnic or national-origin cues and the reaction of applicants to modify resumes to navigate those biases, the description aligns most closely with institutionalized discrimination rather than the other listed concepts.

Hiring practices where resumes and applicants with "foreign" or "non-white" names are routinely rejected, leading some applicants to "whiten" their resumes, are an example of单项选择题

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