Baillargeon demonstrated young infants’ understanding of objects using which paradigm?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Violation-of-expectations paradigm assesses whether infants detect a mismatch between their expectations about physical events and what they observe; Baillargeon used this method.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Object permanence: the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight.
- Violation-of-expectations (VOE): infants’ longer looking at events that violate physical principles (impossible events) indicates surprise and thus inferred knowledge.
- Alternative infant methods: operant conditioning (reinforcement learning tasks), preferential looking (choosing between stimuli), habituation/dishabituation (decline and recovery in looking time to measure discrimination).

2. Complete reasoning process step by step
- Baillargeon designed displays in which a physical principle (e.g., object permanence, solidity, continuity) led to an “expected” outcome and an “impossible” outcome.
- Example: a screen (drawbridge) rotates; in the expected event, an occluded object blocks rotation; in the impossible event, the screen appears to pass through where the object should be.
- Infants’ looking times were measured: longer looking at impossible events implies they held expectations about object behavior and were surprised when those expectations were violated.
- Baillargeon observed that very young infants (often 3–5 months) looked longer at impossible events, indicating earlier understanding of object permanence than Piaget proposed.

3. Intermediate steps (measurement logic)
- Present familiarization trials so infants form expectations.
- Show expected vs. impossible test events.
- Measure looking time: Impossible event > Expected event indicates detection of violation.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- Baillargeon’s classic experiments explicitly used VOE: contrasting expected and impossible outcomes and interpreting longer looking as evidence of conceptual knowledge about objects.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- Operant conditioning: involves reinforcement (e.g., kicking to move a mobile), not the surprise/looking-time contrast Baillargeon used.
- Preferential looking: measures preference/discrimination between stimuli, not reactions to expectation violations.
- Habituation/dishabituation: related (uses looking time) but focuses on recovery of attention to novelty after habituation; Baillargeon’s method specifically compares expectancy-consistent vs. expectancy-violating events (VOE).

6. Conclusion
This explanation shows Baillargeon used the Violation-of-expectations paradigm; the correct answer is Violation-of-expectations.

Baillargeon demonstrated young infants’ understanding of objects using which paradigm?单项选择题

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