Zimmermann (1922) stated that “resources _______________.”

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Zimmermann (1922) stated that “resources are not, they become.”

Relevant knowledge points and concepts:
- Definitions of “resource” can be intrinsic (found in nature) or relational/constructivist (depend on human valuation).
- The constructivist view holds that something becomes a resource when humans recognize, value, and are able to use it — factors include technology, demand, knowledge, and social institutions.
- Historical examples: crude oil was simply a seep until refinement technology and markets made it a valuable resource; uranium became a resource only after nuclear physics made it usable.

Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Interpret Zimmermann’s wording: the phrasing “are not, they become” is a succinct statement that resources are not inherently resources by mere existence; they acquire that status.
2. Identify the mechanisms of “becoming”: discovery/recognition (people notice a material), technological feasibility (methods to extract/process), economic demand and price (creates value), legal/social institutions (property rights, regulation).
3. Apply to examples to test the statement: bitumen in tar sands was not an “oil resource” until extraction technology improved; peat may be ignored until fuel scarcity raises demand.
4. Conclude that Zimmermann’s epistemological stance is that resource status is assigned by human systems, matching the wording “are not, they become.”

Why the correct answer is correct:
- The option “are not, they become” captures the constructivist thesis Zimmermann advocated: resources are the result of human valuation and capacity, not inherent labels in nature.

Why the other options are incorrect:
- “Are precious yet ubiquitous” contradicts itself (precious implies scarcity; ubiquitous implies abundance) and does not express the conditional, processual idea Zimmermann emphasized.
- “Are created by nature, defined by man (sic), and used by industry” partially overlaps but asserts resources are “created by nature” (implying inherent status) and adds industry use specifically; Zimmermann’s precise point is that they are not resources until human contexts make them so — the shorter phrase “are not, they become” is the accurate citation.

Final confirmation:
The correct answer is “are not, they become,” which matches the provided answer.

Zimmermann (1922) stated that “resources _______________.”单项选择题

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