What is the correct way to cite two or more works in the same in-text citation?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

In APA parenthetical citations, separate multiple works within one set of parentheses using semicolons and format each work as (Author, year).

1) Relevant concepts:
- Parenthetical (in-text) citation format in APA: (Author, Year).
- When citing two or more different works in the same parentheses, APA uses semicolons to separate each citation.
- Order the citations alphabetically by the authors’ surnames (as they appear in the reference list). For multiple works by the same author, list chronologically (earliest to latest).

2) Step-by-step reasoning:
- Identify each work’s basic citation: Smith (2019) becomes (Smith, 2019); Zohn (2012) becomes (Zohn, 2012).
- Combine them into a single parenthetical citation: place both inside one pair of parentheses.
- Insert a semicolon between the two citations to separate them: (Smith, 2019; Zohn, 2012).
- Ensure ordering is alphabetical by surname: “Smith” comes before “Zohn,” so the order is correct.

3) Intermediate formatting steps:
- Format single citation: Author, comma, year → Smith, 2019.
- Parenthesize each: (Smith, 2019).
- Add semicolon delimiter: (Smith, 2019; Zohn, 2012).

4) Why this is correct:
- APA specifies semicolons between multiple parenthetical citations to clearly delineate separate sources. Commas separate author and year within each citation; semicolons separate distinct citations.

5) Why other formats are incorrect:
- Using commas to separate full citations—e.g., (Smith, 2019, Zohn, 2012)—confuses the author/year pairing and is incorrect.
- Writing “and” inside parentheses—e.g., (Smith, 2019 and Zohn, 2012)—is not APA style.
- Placing separate parenthetical citations consecutively—(Smith, 2019). (Zohn, 2012).—is unnecessary when they refer to the same point.

Conclusion: The correct parenthetical format is (Smith, 2019; Zohn, 2012), which matches the provided answer.

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