Emily has been taking her son Joshua (currently 2 years old) to the petting zoo since he was born, and continues to do so because she finds it makes him happy. This is an example of which Genotype --> Environment effect(s)? Choose the best answer.单项选择题
A
Passive effect
B
Evocative effect
C
Active effect
D
Passive & evocative effects
E
Active and evocative effects.

Question

Emily has been taking her son Joshua (currently 2 years old) to the petting zoo since he was born, and continues to do so because she finds it makes him happy. This is an example of which Genotype --> Environment effect(s)? Choose the best answer.单项选择题

A

Passive effect

B

Evocative effect

C

Active effect

D

Passive & evocative effects

E

Active and evocative effects.

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Passive genotype–environment correlations occur when parents provide both genes and environment, and evocative (reactive) correlations occur when a child's genetically influenced traits elicit responses from others. These two concepts are the relevant knowledge points.

Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Identify the actors and timeline: Emily (parent) has been taking Joshua to the petting zoo since he was born and continues because it makes him happy. Joshua is currently 2 years old.
2. Apply the passive concept: From birth, Joshua’s environment (regular visits to the petting zoo) was established by his parent. The parent’s preferences, values, and possibly genotype shaped that early environment independent of any active choice by the infant. That is a classic passive genotype→environment effect: parents supply both the genes and the rearing environment.
3. Apply the evocative concept: As Joshua responds positively (he is “happy” at the zoo), his reactions—smiling, engagement, enjoyment—evoke continued behavior from Emily. Her decision to keep taking him is reinforced by his displays of pleasure. Those child-driven responses are evocative genotype→environment effects because Joshua’s temperament (partly genetic) elicits environmental reactions from the parent.
4. Consider active effects: Active effects require the child to seek out environments intentionally (niche-picking), which typically appears later when children can make independent choices. A 2-year-old is unlikely to be independently selecting outings in a sustained way.

Why the correct answer is correct: The situation contains both a parental provision of environment from birth (passive) and ongoing parental responses to the child’s reactions (evocative). Thus “Passive & evocative effects” best fits.

Why other options are incorrect:
- “Passive effect” alone ignores the child’s influence on the parent’s continued behavior.
- “Evocative effect” alone ignores the initial parental provision of the environment since birth.
- “Active effect” (or “Active and evocative”) is incorrect because active niche-picking is not demonstrated for a toddler.

Final confirmation: The best answer is Passive & evocative effects.

Emily has been taking her son Joshua (currently 2 years old) to the petting zoo since he was born, and continues to do so because she finds it makes him happy. This is an example of which Genotype --> Environment effect(s)? Choose the best answer.单项选择题

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