Ray is very attentive and supportive with his son Jose when he is sober, but when Ray drinks he often ignores his son and sometimes verbally abuses him. Jose never knows which way his father will act. If the father is Jose’s primary caregiver, Jose is likely to develop which attachment style __________.

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Question restatement: Ray is consistently attentive and supportive when sober, but when he drinks he often ignores Jose and sometimes verbally abuses him. Jose never knows which way his father will act. If the father is Jose’s primary caregiver, Jose is likely to develop which attachment style __________.
Option 1: fearful. This option would imply a strategy of fear or avoidance of closeness due to fear of rejection or harm. In this scenario, the inconsistency is not primarily framed as fear of danger; instead, the key issue is unpredictability of caregiver responsiveness, which is more characteristic of anxious/ambivalent patterns rather than a fearful attachment.
Option 2: secure. A secure attachment arises from consistent, reliable, and responsive caregiving. Here, caregiving is inconsistent and sometimes abusive, so security is unlikely. This answer would contradict the described instability in the parent–child relationship.
Option 3: anxious/ambivalent. This is the core idea: when a caregiver is inconsistently responsive (attentive and supportive at times, but abusive or unresponsive at others), the child grows up anxious about the caregiver’s availability and may become clingy, uncertain, and preoccupied with the caregiver’s responses. The described pattern fits anxious/ambivalent attachment because Jose cannot predict how his father will behave, leading to heightened anxiety about the caregiver’s responsiveness.
Option 4: dismissive. Dismissive attachment develops from a caregiving environment that discourages dependence and discourages seeking comfort, leading the child to minimize the importance of relationships. The described inconsistency and abuse are not best explained by a dismissive pattern.
Option 5: defensive. Defensive is not a standard primary attachment style category in classic attachment theory (the core styles are secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant/dismissive, and fearful). Labeling this as defensive misapplies a term from other contexts rather than describing the organized pattern of caregiver consistency.
In summary, the pivotal factor is the caregiver’s unpredictability and inconsistent responsiveness, which most strongly aligns with an anxious/ambivalent attachment pattern. The other options either describe more stable or differently oriented patterns, or use terms not aligned with primary attachment classifications.

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According to the textbook (Smith et al., 2015), what are the four kinds of attachment that researchers use to describe people?

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