What is a step in the entry of a virus like HIV or Sars-CoV-2 into a cell

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To understand this question, we need to recall the initial step of viral entry into a host cell.
Option 1: 'Rearrangement of the extracellular matrix' — This is not a direct step of viral entry. While some pathogens exploit matrix remodeling, the rearrangement of extracellular matrix is not the specific receptor-mediated entry step for HIV or SARS-CoV-2, so this choice describes a process more related to tissue invasion or cell migration than to the entry mechanism itself.
Option 2: 'Binding of the virus to a membrane receptor' — This is the first concrete interaction that initiates entry for many enveloped viruses, including HIV and SARS-CoV-2. The viral envelope proteins recognize and bind to specific surface receptors (CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 for HIV; ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2), which triggers downstream fusion or endocytosis steps. This option directly captures the key initial event of entry.
Option 3: 'Synthesis of viral proteins in the ER' — This occurs after the virus has entered and uncoated, during replication and translation phases, not during the entry step itself. The endoplasmic reticulum can be involved in proper folding of viral proteins, but synthesis is a post-entry, post-uncoating event, not an entry event.
Option 4: 'Addition of glycoproteins to the plasma membrane' — Glycoproteins are added to membranes during protein processing and trafficking, often in the Golgi or ER for processing and maturation. While viral glycoproteins are essential for entry and may be presented on viral surfaces, the act of adding glycoproteins to the host plasma membrane is not the entry step by which the virus initially engages the cell. It describes a biosynthetic step rather than the actual entry mechanism.
In summary, only the second option directly names the initiating interaction that allows the virus to attach to and begin entering the cell, whereas the other options describe processes that are either downstream of entry or not specifically part of the entry process.

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