Which type of incurred costs are not relevant in decision-making (i.e., they have no bearing on future events) and should be excluded in decision-making?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Sunk costs are expenditures that have already been made and cannot be recovered; therefore they should not affect current or future decision-making.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Sunk cost: a past cash outflow that cannot be changed by any current or future decision (e.g., past R&D spend, nonrefundable deposits).
- Relevant cost: any future cost or benefit that differs between alternatives and thus affects the decision.
- Other related terms: avoidable costs (costs that can be eliminated by choosing one option), opportunity cost (value of the next-best alternative forgone), fixed/variable costs (behavior with activity level).

2) Step-by-step reasoning
Step 1: Identify whether a cost is past and irreversible. If yes, it is a sunk cost.
Step 2: Ask whether the cost will change depending on the decision alternatives. If the amount remains the same regardless of the choice, it is not relevant.
Step 3: Exclude sunk costs from incremental analysis; include only costs and benefits that differ among options (avoidable costs, future outlays, and opportunity costs).

3) Calculations
No numerical calculations are required here. If there were numbers, one would compare future cash flows that differ among alternatives and ignore any sunk amounts already spent.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
Sunk costs have no bearing on future events because they cannot be altered by any decision now. Rational decision-making requires focusing on marginal or incremental effects; sunk costs do not affect marginal benefits or costs and therefore should be excluded.

5) Why other common alternatives would be incorrect
- Fixed costs: may be relevant if they change as a result of the decision (committed vs. avoidable fixed costs).
- Opportunity costs: relevant because they represent forgone benefits.
- Variable costs and incremental/avoidable costs: relevant because they change with the decision.
These differ from sunk costs because they can influence future outcomes.

6) Conclusion
Therefore, the type of incurred costs that are not relevant and should be excluded from decision-making are sunk costs, which matches the provided answer: sunk costs.

Which type of incurred costs are not relevant in decision-making (i.e., they have no bearing on future events) and should be excluded in decision-making?单项选择题

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