Choose a, b, c or d as the best answer.2. Which statement would the author, most probably, agree with?单项选择题
A
a. Technology has caused unemployment for centuries.
B
b. Unemployment and poverty are often misunderstood.
C
c. Technology is not likely to make future jobs disappear.
D
d. Technological advances increase business investment.
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Question textSection FRead the text on dataraising and answer the following questions. 1. From local schools to international organisations, fundraising is an ordinary part of life. Requests for funds frequently reach individuals through a variety of channels, both online and off. However, a recent trend called ‘dataraising’ is transforming how individuals contribute to causes and charities by extending beyond donating money or goods. Dataraising involves collecting data from individuals and using it to improve the welfare of others. Because data is highly valued, participants need to research organisations, like volunteers do, to understand the risks before sharing their data with them. 2. Sharing data is not a completely new concept. For years, medical research has relied on volunteers in clinical trials to gather information about diseases. As a result, regulations have been developed over time to protect participants and their data. Guidelines include permission to use the information, and security measures for storing and using it. These procedures aim to prevent the harm associated with data storage. Researchers do this by ensuring participants are kept informed and have the support they need. In contrast, the options available to users in typical online data transactions are limited. In this way, clinical trials differ from other online data-sharing experiences. 3. Technological progress has played a major role in the rise of dataraising. One area that has developed significantly is research done over the telephone. In 2015, Apple introduced ‘Research Kit’, which allows researchers to design studies that use data directly from iPhones. The studies include limits and allow only the data required for the study, which ensures privacy and control for participants. Similarly, Google's ‘Health Studies’ app, which was launched in 2020, enables Android phone users to contribute to medical research. Technological progress has also increased the scope of sharing data beyond medical research. 4. Dataraising supports initiatives across different fields, and its diverse uses highlight the impact of donated data. It promotes collaboration between researchers and institutions. It also allows individuals to contribute to research efforts. This makes a meaningful impact. A partnership between National Geographic and the California Academy of Sciences produced the ‘iNaturalist’ website. This project gathers and shares important scientific data about biodiversity. It relies on donated photographs of personal encounters with wildlife. This kind of collaboration creates a network for sharing data and resources, providing both educational and ecological benefits. 5. The growing demand for data is a response to several social factors. New laws or business approaches can have negative consequences. Anyone who owns or controls large amounts of data has great power. This raises concerns about privacy and the misuse of information, and highlights the importance of dataraising. In the UK, drivers working for rideshare companies provide information to the ‘Worker Info Exchange’ which uses it to protect their rights. This trend can address issues affecting society, especially as it promotes honesty and a balance of power. 6. Although sharing data can protect workers and users, it also raises concerns. It is essential to ensure participant safety and fair access. This should be done by allowing users to make personal choices regarding their privacy and the data they donate. Security measures can protect personal details from being accessed without permission. Moreover, researchers should make an effort to enable fair access for people who donate. Global platforms like iNaturalist must consider cultural differences and language abilities to prevent offensive behaviour that could harm participants or make them feel uncomfortable. It is also important that participants can withdraw permission to use their data at any time. This builds trust in dataraising projects. 7. Regulated approaches to collecting data are urgently needed. Experts in data rights need to develop strict policies. However, dataraising projects differ from those that businesses use for profit. Therefore, experts need to have experience in community building and charity work. The rules should deal with managing data and keeping identities hidden for participant safety. These standards can enhance the benefits of sharing data and reduce the risks. 8. Public awareness and open communication are necessary for the success of dataraising initiatives. Education regarding the purpose, benefits, risks, and moral considerations of sharing data helps individuals make informed decisions. Trust is also built through clear communication about privacy and expectations. An informed and engaged community of participants would allow dataraising to reach its full potential. Questions 19–22. Which paragraphs contain the following supporting information? Match the information to the paragraph number. 19. An explanation of a key concept Answer 1 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8] 20. An example of how sharing pictures could protect natureAnswer 2 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8] 21. Considerations necessary for comprehensive regulations Answer 3 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8] 22. Descriptions of two innovations that enable data collectionAnswer 4 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph 4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8]
Question textSection F Read the text on dataraising and answer the following questions. 1. From local schools to international organisations, fundraising is an ordinary part of life. Requests for funds frequently reach individuals through a variety of channels, both online and off. However, a recent trend called ‘dataraising’ is transforming how individuals contribute to causes and charities by extending beyond donating money or goods. Dataraising involves collecting data from individuals and using it to improve the welfare of others. Because data is highly valued, participants need to research organisations, like volunteers do, to understand the risks before sharing their data with them. 2. Sharing data is not a completely new concept. For years, medical research has relied on volunteers in clinical trials to gather information about diseases. As a result, regulations have been developed over time to protect participants and their data. Guidelines include permission to use the information, and security measures for storing and using it. These procedures aim to prevent the harm associated with data storage. Researchers do this by ensuring participants are kept informed and have the support they need. In contrast, the options available to users in typical online data transactions are limited. In this way, clinical trials differ from other online data-sharing experiences. 3. Technological progress has played a major role in the rise of dataraising. One area that has developed significantly is research done over the telephone. In 2015, Apple introduced ‘Research Kit’, which allows researchers to design studies that use data directly from iPhones. The studies include limits and allow only the data required for the study, which ensures privacy and control for participants. Similarly, Google's ‘Health Studies’ app, which was launched in 2020, enables Android phone users to contribute to medical research. Technological progress has also increased the scope of sharing data beyond medical research. 4. Dataraising supports initiatives across different fields, and its diverse uses highlight the impact of donated data. It promotes collaboration between researchers and institutions. It also allows individuals to contribute to research efforts. This makes a meaningful impact. A partnership between National Geographic and the California Academy of Sciences produced the ‘iNaturalist’ website. This project gathers and shares important scientific data about biodiversity. It relies on donated photographs of personal encounters with wildlife. This kind of collaboration creates a network for sharing data and resources, providing both educational and ecological benefits. 5. The growing demand for data is a response to several social factors. New laws or business approaches can have negative consequences. Anyone who owns or controls large amounts of data has great power. This raises concerns about privacy and the misuse of information, and highlights the importance of dataraising. In the UK, drivers working for rideshare companies provide information to the ‘Worker Info Exchange’ which uses it to protect their rights. This trend can address issues affecting society, especially as it promotes honesty and a balance of power. 6. Although sharing data can protect workers and users, it also raises concerns. It is essential to ensure participant safety and fair access. This should be done by allowing users to make personal choices regarding their privacy and the data they donate. Security measures can protect personal details from being accessed without permission. Moreover, researchers should make an effort to enable fair access for people who donate. Global platforms like iNaturalist must consider cultural differences and language abilities to prevent offensive behaviour that could harm participants or make them feel uncomfortable. It is also important that participants can withdraw permission to use their data at any time. This builds trust in dataraising projects. 7. Regulated approaches to collecting data are urgently needed. Experts in data rights need to develop strict policies. However, dataraising projects differ from those that businesses use for profit. Therefore, experts need to have experience in community building and charity work. The rules should deal with managing data and keeping identities hidden for participant safety. These standards can enhance the benefits of sharing data and reduce the risks. 8. Public awareness and open communication are necessary for the success of dataraising initiatives. Education regarding the purpose, benefits, risks, and moral considerations of sharing data helps individuals make informed decisions. Trust is also built through clear communication about privacy and expectations. An informed and engaged community of participants would allow dataraising to reach its full potential. Questions 15–18. What is the author’s main point in each of these paragraphs? Choose from the list (a-g) below. There are 3 extra options. a. Culture is the main consideration for regulating data-sharing projects. b. Dataraising encourages cooperation among research professionals and the public. c. Dataraising is expanding as its abilities become more advanced. d. Donating data is harmful for those who work online.e. Recent changes in laws resulted in the need for data sharing.f. The concept of charity is changing due to a new form of donation.g. The idea of donating data has historical roots. 15. Paragraph 1 Answer 1 Question 9[select: , a. Culture is the main consideration for regulating data-sharing projects., b. Dataraising encourages cooperation among research professionals and the public., c. Dataraising is expanding as its abilities become more advanced., d. Donating data is harmful for those who work online., e.Recent changes in laws resulted in the need for data sharing., f. The concept of charity is changing due to a new form of donation., g. The idea of donating data has historical roots.]16. Paragraph 2 Answer 2 Question 9[select: , a. Culture is the main consideration for regulating data-sharing projects., b. Dataraising encourages cooperation among research professionals and the public., c. Dataraising is expanding as its abilities become more advanced., d. Donating data is harmful for those who work online., e.Recent changes in laws resulted in the need for data sharing., f. The concept of charity is changing due to a new form of donation., g. The idea of donating data has historical roots.]17. Paragraph 3 Answer 3 Question 9[select: , a. Culture is the main consideration for regulating data-sharing projects., b. Dataraising encourages cooperation among research professionals and the public., c. Dataraising is expanding as its abilities become more advanced., d. Donating data is harmful for those who work online., e.Recent changes in laws resulted in the need for data sharing., f. The concept of charity is changing due to a new form of donation., g. The idea of donating data has historical roots.]18. Paragraph 4 Answer 4 Question 9[select: , a. Culture is the main consideration for regulating data-sharing projects., b. Dataraising encourages cooperation among research professionals and the public., c. Dataraising is expanding as its abilities become more advanced., d. Donating data is harmful for those who work online., e.Recent changes in laws resulted in the need for data sharing., f. The concept of charity is changing due to a new form of donation., g. The idea of donating data has historical roots.]
Choose a, b, c or d as the best answer.4. Which statement best summarises the main idea of this paragraph?
Section F: Read the text on the four-day working week and answer the following questions. 1. The concept of a four-day work week, where employees keep 100% of their salary and work 80% of their former hours while maintaining 100% productivity, has gained global attention. It is called the 100:80:100 model. Successful productivity in this model has been defined as an increase of approximately 20% in productivity per employee per hour worked. Various trials have been conducted to assess whether this model is practical and has significant benefits. The trials to date have been conducted on small and medium-sized organisations only. They indicate positive outcomes for both employers and employees across various industries. However, challenges, and the need for further trials will determine if the model should be adjusted to fit most, if not all business sectors. 2. These initiatives are most often led by management. They are aimed at addressing employee burnout, boosting productivity, and attracting and retaining the best possible employees. A number of companies which were using the model were surveyed, and no loss of productivity was found. In fact, 70% of the companies surveyed reported higher productivity levels than before the change. Additionally, improvements in recruitment and retention of employees were noted in 60% of the surveyed companies. The most welcome outcome was that 50% of the companies surveyed reported significant reductions in absenteeism, or the regular absence from work without a proper reason. 3. The additional day off provides employees with time for relaxation and recovery. Employees feel less stressed and experience reduced burnout. The four-day work week helps alleviate work-family conflicts and mitigate the Sunday-evening anxiety associated with the approaching start to the working week. Given the high levels of stress in workplaces, these findings have significant implications for employee wellbeing. Similar outcomes were experienced by employees with a permanent scheduled long weekend as well as those who had a break in the middle of their working week. 4. Despite the reported benefits, some organisations have faced challenges when implementing a four-day work week. A significant barrier is the reluctant feelings top managers can have when considering implementing the model. The main obstacle remains the fear that fewer hours worked would lead to lower productivity. To address these concerns, it is essential to gather evidence from trials, including large-scale international trials involving diverse industries. Additional evidence of the model’s success will calm the critics and lead to broader acceptance. 5. There are questions about whether this model is appropriate for application across all sectors of the economy. As yet, technology companies have most commonly adopted the model. There is some concern that their positive experiences may not directly translate to other sectors, for example manufacturing, which requires machines to keep running, a trade counter open to the public and around-the-clock deliveries. Manufacturing workers do not have the option of working from home, as there always needs to be a minimum number of staff on site. Public services also have different business profiles and demands. In these sectors reduced working hours may require overtime payments or additional staffing, which would not be acceptable to most employers. 6. Many firms which have implemented the model have achieved a significant gain in productivity per employee per hour worked. However, it is not clear if these gains in productivity are sustainable for the long term. They require employees to work more intensely, which may not be feasible for employees to maintain over the length of their careers. 7. It is likely that the four-day work week will gradually spread to workplaces and sectors with realistic productivity gains. Employers and sectors that do not offer reduced hours will eventually face difficulties attracting and retaining high-quality employees. They will be forced to reduce work hours so as to continue to run a competitive business. However, the pace of such changes will depend on economic growth, productivity trends, and labour market conditions. 8. The concept of a four-day work week has attracted attention and provided positive outcomes. International companies have displayed the potential benefits of reduced hours in terms of productivity, employee wellbeing and recruitment and retention of key employees. However, challenges remain, including the uncertainty of managers and considerations relating to certain sectors. Continued trials, involving diverse industries, missing from the original trials, will provide valuable insights for decision-makers considering the adoption of the 100:80:100 model. Questions 25 – 29 Complete this summary of the last two paragraphs of the text by filling in each blank with ONE WORD from the text. The 100:80:100 model will most likely 25. Answer Question 13[input] to more fields of work with productivity improvements. Businesses which continue with the traditional working week could have 26. _____ , and may be forced to agree to the model. They would need to do this to stay 27. _____ . The advantages of a reduced working week have been revealed by 28. _____businesses. Future trials of the concept must include those 29. ____ not surveyed in the first
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