Section D  Read this paragraph and answer the two questions below. Fluoride, a mineral that helps prevent tooth decay, is added to drinking water and dental products in many countries. Fluoridated water has been widely used to prevent dental cavities, but it remains a topic of debate. While research shows that fluoride in drinking water significantly reduces the incidence of tooth decay, there are concerns about potential health risks, such as the risk of damage to teeth from excessive fluoride. Ethical issues also arise, as some believe that adding fluoride to public water supplies infringes on individual rights by imposing a medical treatment without consent. Despite these concerns, many health organizations maintain that the benefits of water fluoridation outweigh the risks, citing its effectiveness in improving dental health. While some countries such as the United States and Australia have successful water fluoridation programs, others, such as Germany and Sweden do not fluoridate their water, relying instead on alternative dental health measures. The debate over fluoridation continues as communities weigh its benefits against potential health and ethical concerns. Questions 10-11. Choose A, B, C or D as the best answer. 10. Which of the following is NOT an argument against water fluoridation?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Ethical objections and health-risk concerns are explicitly listed in the paragraph: the passage names potential harm from excessive fluoride and the idea that adding fluoride to public water may infringe individual rights; it also notes some countries rely on alternative dental measures instead of fluoridation.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- The passage presents both pro- and anti-fluoridation ideas. Anti-fluoridation points given: (a) potential health risks (damage from excessive fluoride) and (b) ethical concerns (imposing a medical treatment without consent). The passage also mentions that some countries do not fluoridate and rely on alternatives, implying that alternatives exist as a basis for arguing fluoridation isn’t necessary.

2. Step-by-step reasoning
- Read each option and check whether it appears in the passage as an argument against fluoridation.
  a) “Access to fluoridated water is not available in all countries.” The passage states that some countries do not fluoridate water, but this is presented as a factual contrast (different national policies) rather than as an argument criticizing fluoridation itself.
  b) “Adding fluoride … may be seen … as a restriction of their rights.” The paragraph explicitly raises this ethical issue — opponents say it infringes individual rights — so b is an argument against fluoridation.
  c) “Fluoridation is not necessary as there are other ways to get fluoride…” The text notes countries that do not fluoridate rely on alternative dental measures, supporting the idea that alternatives exist; this can be used as an argument against the necessity of fluoridation.

3. Intermediate steps / evidence mapping
- Map sentence excerpts to options: ethical infringement → option b; alternatives/non-fluoridating countries → option c; statement about different national practices → option a (descriptive, not an argument).

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- Option a is a descriptive fact (variation in national practice) rather than a reason presented against the practice. It does not criticize fluoridation’s safety, ethics, or necessity, so it is NOT an argument against water fluoridation.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- b is explicitly an argument against fluoridation (ethical rights). c is an argument against its necessity (alternatives exist), as implied by mentioning countries that rely on other measures.

Conclusion: The correct choice is a. This matches the provided answer.

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