With a probability sample ________.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

We start by restating the question and listing the options to ensure clarity about what is being evaluated.
Question: With a probability sample ________.
Options:
1) every member of the population is included in the sample
2) a researcher uses personal judgment to select participants
3) convenience is the key determinant of who participates
4) the observation method is used to select people who appear most willing to participate
5) each member of the population has a known chance of being included in the sample

Now, examining each option in turn:
Option 1: 'every member of the population is included in the sample' would describe a census rather than a sample. If you actually included everyone, there is no sampling process involved, so this does not reflect probability sampling.
Option 2: 'a researcher uses personal judgment to select participants' describes judgmental or purposive nonprobability sampling. This approach intentionally relies on the researcher’s judgment rather than random selection, so it does not satisfy probability sampling.
Option 3: 'convenience is the key determinant of who participates' aligns with convenience sampling, a nonprobability method where participants are chosen based on ease of access rather than random selection. This undermines the concept of known inclusion probabilities.
Option 4: 'the observation method is used to select people who appear most willing to participate' implies selecting participants based on willingness or palpably observed traits, which again points to nonprobability sampling and self-selection bias, not a probability-based approach.
Option 5: 'each member of the population has a known chance of being included in the sample' directly captures the essence of probability sampling, where every unit in the population has a nonzero, known probability of selection, enabling unbiased estimation and calculable sampling error.

In summary, the key distinction is whether the sampling process assigns known, nonzero inclusion probabilities to all population members. Options 2, 3, and 4 describe methods lacking those known probabilities and thus do not reflect probability sampling. Option 1 describes a census, not a sample. Option 5 embodies the principle of probability sampling by ensuring known inclusion chances for all population members.

With a probability sample ________.单项选择题

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