A study by Reissland and colleagues (2011) used 4D ultrasound to examine whether facial expressions develop before birth. What did they find?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

When evaluating the study by Reissland and colleagues (2011) on prenatal facial expressions, we must compare each option to what the 4D ultrasound data actually indicated.
Option 1 states that facial expressions do not emerge until after birth. This is inconsistent with the study’s finding of recognizable, coordinated facial movements before birth, so this option misrepresents the timing of emergence.
Option 2 claims that only random, uncoordinated facial movements were observed. The reported results described coordinated patterns akin to crying and laughter, not random or unstructured movements, making this option inaccurate.
Option 3 asserts that facial expressions before birth are identical to adult expressions. While the study identified patterns resembling crying and laughter, it does not claim an exact equivalence to adult expressions in form or complexity, so this overstatement is misleading.
Option 4 (the correct option) reports that fetuses showed coordinated facial movements resembling the facial action patterns of crying and laughter. This aligns with the reported finding that prenatal facial activity included organized sequences similar to postnatal affective expressions, indicating a level of coordination prior to birth.
Overall, the reasoning shows why the first three options contradict the study’s observed prenatal coordination and preclude timing, randomness, or exact adult equivalence, whereas the fourth option accurately captures the documented result about coordinated prenatal facial movements.

A study by Reissland and colleagues (2011) used 4D ultrasound to examine whether facial expressions develop before birth. What did they find?单项选择题

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