Original: Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. From James Lester, Writing Research Papers, (1976), p. 46-47.

Paraphrase 1: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level, and since the problem originates during note-taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1976, p. 46-67).

This paraphrase:

Question

Original: Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. From James Lester, Writing Research Papers, (1976), p. 46-47.

Paraphrase 1: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level, and since the problem originates during note-taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1976, p. 46-67).

This paraphrase:

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Effective paraphrasing requires restating the original author’s ideas in your own words and sentence structure, accurately preserving meaning, and providing a clear citation to credit the source.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Paraphrase criteria: new wording and syntax (not merely swapping synonyms), accurate representation of the original idea, inclusion of a citation, and avoidance of excessive borrowing of phrases.  
- Citation: even correct paraphrases must cite the original work (author, year, and page if applicable).

2) Step-by-step comparison and reasoning
- Original: States that students overuse direct quotations because they transcribe too much when note-taking, recommends only about 10% of the manuscript be direct quotes, and therefore students should limit exact transcribing while taking notes.  
- Paraphrase 1: Says students often quote excessively, that the problem begins in note-taking, and therefore it is essential to minimize material recorded verbatim; it also cites Lester (1976) with page numbers.  
- Analysis: Paraphrase 1 rewords the same points using different vocabulary and sentence structure (“quote excessively” vs. “overuse direct quotations”; “minimize the material recorded verbatim” vs. “limit the amount of exact transcribing”). The logical flow (cause in note-taking → effect in final paper → recommendation to limit verbatim notes) is preserved.

3) Intermediate steps / checks
- Check for unique phrases copied verbatim: none of the distinctive phrasing from the original is lifted word-for-word beyond common short terms (e.g., “verbati m”/“direct quotations”), which is acceptable.  
- Check for accurate meaning: the recommendation and causal link are preserved.  
- Citation: Paraphrase includes an author/date/page citation, so credit is given (note: the page range in the paraphrase differs slightly from the original 46–47, but inclusion of a citation still meets the core paraphrase criteria).

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- Because Paraphrase 1 restates the author's ideas in new words and structure, keeps the original meaning intact, and cites the source, it meets the standard criteria for an effective paraphrase.

5) Why the other option is incorrect
- The choice “Does not meet the criteria” would imply lack of sufficient rephrasing, misrepresentation, or missing citation. Paraphrase 1 does not suffer these failings, so that option is incorrect.

6) Conclusion
- Therefore, Paraphrase 1 meets the criteria of an effective paraphrase, confirming the provided answer.

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