A

Na+   钠离子

N

ICF Ca2+ concentration  细胞内液钙离子浓度

B

K+   钾离子

O

Na+ permeability  钠离子通透性

C

Cl-   氯离子

P

K+ permeability  钾离子渗透性

D

Ca2+   钙离子

Q

Cl- permeability  氯离子渗透性

E

Extracellular fluid (ECF)
细胞外液（ECF）

R

Ca2+ permeability  Ca2+通透性

F

Intracellular fluid (ICF)
细胞内液（ICF）

S

Voltage-gated Na+ channels
电压门控钠离子通道

G

ECF Na+ concentration  细胞外液钠离子浓度

T

Voltage-gated K+ channels
电压门控钾离子通道

H

ICF Na+ concentration  细胞内液钠离子浓度

U

L-type Ca2+ channels  L 型 Ca2+通道

I

ECF K+ concentration  细胞外液钾离子浓度

V

T-type Ca2+ channels  T 型 Ca2+通道

J

ICF K+ concentration  细胞内液钾离子浓度

W

Na+ leak channels  钠离子泄漏通道

K

ECF Cl- concentration  ECF Cl- 浓度

X

K+ leak channels  K+泄漏通道

L

ICF Cl- concentration  ICF Cl- 浓度

Y

Cl- leak channels  Cl-泄漏通道

M

ECF Ca2+ concentration  细胞外液钙离子浓度

Z

Na+/K+ ATPase  Na+/K+ ATPase

Select the one most appropriate answer (enter A to Z) from the options above.
请从以上选项中选择最合适的答案（输入 A 到 Z）。

Hypertonic’ describes a solution with a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes in the [ Select ] .
“高渗”是指溶液中非渗透性溶质的浓度较高。[选择] .

Question

A

Na+   钠离子

N

ICF Ca2+ concentration  细胞内液钙离子浓度

B

K+   钾离子

O

Na+ permeability  钠离子通透性

C

Cl-   氯离子

P

K+ permeability  钾离子渗透性

D

Ca2+   钙离子

Q

Cl- permeability  氯离子渗透性

E

Extracellular fluid (ECF)
细胞外液（ECF）

R

Ca2+ permeability  Ca2+通透性

F

Intracellular fluid (ICF)
细胞内液（ICF）

S

Voltage-gated Na+ channels
电压门控钠离子通道

G

ECF Na+ concentration  细胞外液钠离子浓度

T

Voltage-gated K+ channels
电压门控钾离子通道

H

ICF Na+ concentration  细胞内液钠离子浓度

U

L-type Ca2+ channels  L 型 Ca2+通道

I

ECF K+ concentration  细胞外液钾离子浓度

V

T-type Ca2+ channels  T 型 Ca2+通道

J

ICF K+ concentration  细胞内液钾离子浓度

W

Na+ leak channels  钠离子泄漏通道

K

ECF Cl- concentration  ECF Cl- 浓度

X

K+ leak channels  K+泄漏通道

L

ICF Cl- concentration  ICF Cl- 浓度

Y

Cl- leak channels  Cl-泄漏通道

M

ECF Ca2+ concentration  细胞外液钙离子浓度

Z

Na+/K+ ATPase  Na+/K+ ATPase

Select the one most appropriate answer (enter A to Z) from the options above.
请从以上选项中选择最合适的答案（输入 A 到 Z）。

Hypertonic’ describes a solution with a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes in the [ Select ] .
“高渗”是指溶液中非渗透性溶质的浓度较高 。[选择] .

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Tonicity is determined by the concentration of non‑penetrating solutes outside versus inside the cell, so hypertonic means the external compartment has the higher concentration.

1) Relevant concepts
- Non‑penetrating solutes (e.g., Na+, large anions, impermeant proteins) cannot cross the cell membrane quickly; their concentrations set osmotic gradients that drive water movement.
- Tonicity compares effective osmotic pressure produced by non‑penetrating solutes between compartments (extracellular fluid, ECF, and intracellular fluid, ICF).
- Hypertonic: the solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of non‑penetrating solutes than the ICF, causing net water efflux and cell shrinkage (crenation).
- Hypotonic: outside has lower non‑penetrating solute concentration → water flows into the cell → swelling. Isotonic: equal effective concentrations → no net volume change.

2) Step‑by‑step reasoning
- Determine which compartment the phrase “a solution with a higher concentration of non‑penetrating solutes in the [ ]” refers to relative to the cell.
- Tonicity is always described from the perspective of the cell’s surroundings versus the cell interior. A “hypertonic solution” means the surrounding solution has a higher concentration of non‑penetrating solutes than the intracellular fluid.
- The surrounding solution corresponds to the extracellular fluid (ECF).

3) Intermediate steps / examples
- If ECF non‑penetrating solute concentration = 320 mOsm and ICF = 280 mOsm, ECF > ICF ⇒ hypertonic ECF ⇒ water moves out, cell shrinks.
- No numerical calculation is required beyond comparing concentrations.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- Because hypertonicity denotes the extracellular solution has the greater concentration of non‑penetrating solutes relative to the intracellular compartment — i.e., the ECF.

5) Why other choices are incorrect (brief)
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) would describe the inside having higher non‑penetrating solute concentration, which defines a hypotonic extracellular solution, not “hypertonic.”
- Ion labels (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+), permeabilities, channels, pumps, or leak channels are specific components but not the compartment being referenced by “a solution … in the [ ].” The question asks for the compartment (outside the cell), not a particular ion or channel.

Conclusion: The best choice is E (Extracellular fluid, ECF), which matches the provided correct answer.

类似问题

Intravenous (IV) solutions administered to patients are normally isotonic. Which of the following is most likely if an IV of distilled water is administered to a patient?

Water moves across biological membranes towards:

Consider the situation shown in the figure below, where Region 1 and Region 2 are separated by a phospholipid bilayer. Over time, what is most likely to occur?

When water moves into red blood cells placed in a hypotonic environment, they will _____.

When soaked in a hypertonic solution, water will move ____ the red blood cells.

When water moves into red blood cells placed in a hypotonic environment, they will

When water moves into potato cells soaked in a hypotonic solution, they will become _____.

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