In vicarious learning:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Vicarious learning is observational: a person learns about actions and their consequences by watching others and noting rewards or punishments.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Vicarious learning (also called observational learning or social learning) was emphasized by Albert Bandura. Key idea: learners acquire knowledge or change behaviour by observing models rather than through direct experience.
- Vicarious reinforcement/punishment: observers learn the likely consequences of actions by seeing outcomes experienced by others.
- Differentiate from classical conditioning (pairing stimuli), generalisation (transfer across contexts), and active teaching (instructor-led demonstration).

2. Step-by-step reasoning
- The stem asks what happens in vicarious learning. According to Bandura, the critical mechanism is observation of consequences: if a model is rewarded, the observer is more likely to imitate; if punished, less likely.
- Match this definition to the answer options. Option d explicitly states learning consequences by watching someone else’s results — this directly matches the Bandura definition.
- Check other options to rule them out (see point 5).

3. Calculations
- None required for this conceptual question.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- Option d captures both observational nature (watching someone else) and the focus on consequences (results, rewards, punishments). That precisely defines vicarious learning/observational learning in social learning theory.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- a. “The pairing of a USC and CS produce a CR” describes classical conditioning (Pavlovian), not vicarious learning.
- b. “Classical conditioning.” is explicit and therefore wrong for vicarious learning.
- c. “Learning is generalised beyond the original training context” refers to generalisation/transfer, not specifically to learning by observation of consequences.
- e. “One person teaches another by example.” implies active instruction or demonstration; vicarious learning can occur without deliberate teaching—mere observation of a model’s consequences is sufficient.

6. Conclusion
Therefore the correct choice is option d: a person learns the consequences of an action by watching someone else's results, which matches the provided answer.

In vicarious learning:单项选择题

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