Which of the following statements concerning ‘sensory prediction errors’ is CORRECT?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Sensory prediction errors arise when incoming sensory input deviates from predicted sequences of events — this captures the core mechanism.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Predictive coding: the brain constantly generates predictions (p_t) about upcoming sensory input (s_t). 
- Sensory prediction error (e_t) is the mismatch: e_t = s_t − p_t (or its magnitude |e_t|). 
- Electrophysiological markers (e.g., mismatch negativity, MMN) show that unexpected changes in stimulus sequences elicit prediction-error signals, often preattentively.

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- The brain forms a model of regularities (a sequence of tones, visual pattern, etc.). That model produces an expected input p_t for the next time point. 
- When the actual input s_t matches p_t, e_t ≈ 0 and no prediction error signal is generated. 
- If the sequence changes (e.g., a deviant tone, omitted stimulus, altered timing), then s_t ≠ p_t, so e_t ≠ 0 and a sensory prediction error is elicited. 
- Empirical examples: an oddball paradigm with a sequence of standard tones and occasional deviant tones produces robust MMN responses to the deviants; an omitted expected sound also produces an error response.

3) Intermediate (symbolic) steps
- Model predicts p_t (based on previous sequence).
- Actual sensory input s_t arrives.
- Compute e_t = s_t − p_t.
- If e_t ≠ 0 → prediction error signal; if e_t = 0 → no error signal.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- "Prediction errors are elicited by a change in a sequence of events" directly describes the situation where s_t deviates from p_t, which is precisely when e_t is generated. This aligns with predictive-coding theory and experimental findings.

5) Why the other options are incorrect
- "Prediction errors are elicited by expected events": incorrect because expected events match predictions, producing little or no error. 
- "Prediction errors are not elicited by novel events": incorrect; novel or unexpected events typically violate predictions and therefore elicit errors. 
- "Prediction errors are only present when people correctly detect rare events": incorrect because prediction errors can occur without conscious detection and are not limited to consciously detected rare events.

6) Conclusion
This reasoning confirms the correct answer: Prediction errors are elicited by a change in a sequence of events.

Which of the following statements concerning ‘sensory prediction errors’ is CORRECT?单项选择题

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