Question at position 7 Which of the following is a well-established metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance?build muscledecrease resting metabolismpreserve muscle massincrease appetite单项选择题
A
build muscle
B
decrease resting metabolism
C
preserve muscle mass
D
increase appetite

Question

Question at position 7 Which of the following is a well-established metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance?build muscledecrease resting metabolismpreserve muscle massincrease appetite

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Decreased resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a classic metabolic adaptation to prolonged negative energy balance. Relevant concepts: energy balance (intake minus expenditure), components of total daily energy expenditure (resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, activity energy expenditure), and adaptive thermogenesis (physiologic lowering of energy expenditure in response to calorie deficit). Hormonal mediators include reduced leptin and thyroid hormone (T3), increased cortisol, decreased sympathetic activity and changes in uncoupling proteins — all of which lower RMR.

Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Define energy balance: energy balance = energy intake − energy expenditure. A negative energy balance means intake < expenditure.
2. Physiologic response: the body senses negative balance via lowered fat-derived leptin and other signals. To conserve energy, it reduces energy expenditure.
3. Mechanisms lowering RMR: decreased circulating T3, reduced sympathetic tone, decreased mitochondrial proton leak, and reductions in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT). Collectively these changes constitute adaptive thermogenesis and manifest as a lower resting metabolic rate.
4. Numerical example: if habitual expenditure = 2,000 kcal/day and intake is 1,500 kcal/day, deficit = 500 kcal/day. Adaptive thermogenesis may reduce RMR by, say, 50–200 kcal/day, shrinking the effective deficit and slowing weight loss.

Why the correct answer is correct:
Decreasing resting metabolism is well-documented in weight-loss studies and starvation studies; it is a metabolic — not merely behavioral — adaptation that conserves energy and opposes further weight loss.

Why the other options are incorrect:
- Build muscle: muscle hypertrophy requires positive energy balance plus resistance training; it is not an adaptation to calorie deficit. 
- Preserve muscle mass: while the body attempts to minimize lean loss, prolonged deficits typically cause some muscle loss; preservation is not a reliably established metabolic adaptation. 
- Increase appetite: appetite rises (behavioral/hormonal response) but this is a drive to increase intake rather than a metabolic rate adaptation.

Conclusion: Decrease resting metabolism is the correct choice, matching the provided answer.

Question at position 7 Which of the following is a well-established metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance?build muscledecrease resting metabolismpreserve muscle massincrease appetite单项选择题

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