Infants’ and toddlers’ expectations about the availability of attachment figures when they are distressed becomes part of ______.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

An internal working model is a mental representation of the self, attachment figures, and the relationship between them, so infants’ expectations about caregiver availability when distressed become part of an internal working model.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Attachment theory (John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth) proposes that repeated interactions with caregivers create stable mental representations.
- An internal working model encodes expectations about whether attachment figures will be responsive and whether the self is worthy of care.
- Security of attachment describes the pattern (secure vs. insecure), signaling behaviors are infant actions to elicit care (crying, smiling), and reciprocal relationships refer to more mutual exchanges that develop later.

2. Step-by-step reasoning
- When an infant becomes distressed, they signal (cry, reach) to elicit caregiver response.
- Caregiver responses vary: consistent, sensitive caregiving leads to predictable, comforting responses; inconsistent or rejecting care leads to unpredictable outcomes.
- The infant observes contingencies (if I cry, caregiver comes/not), forming beliefs about the caregiver’s availability and responsiveness.
- These beliefs are stored as part of a cognitive-affective structure guiding expectations and behavior in future distress episodes.

3. Intermediate (conceptual) steps
- Distress → signaling behaviors → caregiver response → encoding of response patterns → generalized expectations about attachment availability = internal working model.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- The internal working model explicitly captures expectations about availability and responsiveness of attachment figures. It integrates the infant’s experiences into a framework that predicts how caregivers will respond in times of need and influences later social and emotional behavior.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- Security of attachment labels the overall pattern (secure/insecure) rather than the cognitive expectations themselves.
- Signaling behaviors are the observable actions infants use to summon care, not the internalized expectations.
- Reciprocal relationships describe a later-developing, two-way interaction style (typical in older toddlers/preschoolers), not the infant’s internal expectation structure.

6. Conclusion
Therefore, infants’ expectations about caregiver availability when distressed become part of an internal working model, matching the provided answer: an internal working model.

Infants’ and toddlers’ expectations about the availability of attachment figures when they are distressed becomes part of ______.单项选择题

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