Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Alleles of genes located on different (non‑homologous) chromosomes segregate into gametes independently because of the random orientation of chromosome pairs during meiosis I.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Mendel’s law of independent assortment: alleles of different genes segregate independently of one another when genes are on different chromosomes (or far apart on the same chromosome).
- Meiosis I (metaphase I): homologous chromosome pairs align randomly at the metaphase plate; each pair’s orientation is independent of other pairs.
- Consequence: different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes (and the alleles they carry) are produced in gametes. For n chromosome pairs, there are 2^n possible combinations from independent assortment (ignoring crossing over).

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) pair and then align at the cell center.
- Each homologous pair can orient with the maternal chromosome on one side and paternal on the other, or vice versa; this orientation is random and independent across different pairs.
- Because orientation is independent, alleles on non‑homologous chromosomes are sorted into gametes independently: the presence of a particular allele for gene A does not influence whether an allele for gene B is included in the same gamete (when genes are on different chromosomes).

3) Calculations (illustrative)
- If an organism has n = 23 chromosome pairs (human), independent assortment gives 2^23 ≈ 8,388,608 possible combinations of whole chromosomes per gamete.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- Option d states exactly the principle: genes on non‑homologous chromosomes sort separately from one another during division, matching Mendel’s law.

5) Why the other options are incorrect
- a and c claim specific alleles (recessive or dominant) always sort together — false; dominance does not determine segregation.
- b says crossing over on homologous chromosomes makes genes independent — crossing over can shuffle alleles between homologs, but independent assortment refers to separate chromosome pairs and is not defined by crossing over; moreover, genes on the same homologous chromosome may remain linked.

Conclusion: Therefore the correct choice is d. This matches the provided answer.

Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that:单项选择题

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