According to Dr Paul Hardisty, when there was a major oil spill off the coast of Louisiana and Texas, the GDP of those states actually increased. This was because:

Select a single answer.

Question

According to Dr Paul Hardisty, when there was a major oil spill off the coast of Louisiana and Texas, the GDP of those states actually increased. This was because:

Select a single answer.

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

GDP is defined by the national accounts as the total market value of final goods and services produced: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M). Any paid expenditure on goods or services—whether for production, consumption, or repair—adds positively to that aggregate.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- GDP measures market transactions (consumption C, investment I, government spending G, net exports X−M).
- Expenditures on cleanup, repairs, or reconstruction are recorded as market spending and therefore increase GDP.
- GDP does not net out harm to welfare, natural capital depreciation, or unpaid work; it records monetary flows, not welfare changes.

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- An oil spill causes environmental damage and economic losses (e.g., fisheries, tourism).
- The response requires paid cleanup crews, equipment, replacement of infrastructure, and government contracting.
- These paid activities appear as increases in G, C or I in the accounts, raising the sum C + I + G + (X − M).
- Thus measured GDP can rise even while overall welfare or stock of natural capital falls.

3) Simple numeric illustration (intermediate steps)
- Before spill: C = 1000, I = 200, G = 300, X−M = 0 → GDP = 1000 + 200 + 300 + 0 = 1500.
- Cleanup spending of 100 (government contracts): G becomes 400 → GDP = 1000 + 200 + 400 + 0 = 1600.
- Measured GDP increases by 100 despite environmental loss not deducted.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- The statement “GDP counts expenditures used to repair environmental damage as positive” exactly captures that market spending on cleanup is counted as production, thereby increasing GDP even when the activity simply restores damaged assets.

5) Why other options are incorrect
- “GDP does not include unpaid labour.” True, but it does not explain why GDP rose after a spill.
- “GDP does not account for the external costs of economic activity.” True, but this is a description of a limitation rather than the direct mechanism for a GDP increase.
- “GDP does not account for depreciation of natural capital.” True and related, but the specific reason for a measured rise is the inclusion of repair expenditures.
- “GDP measures the wealth of nations.” False—GDP measures flow of production, not net wealth.

Conclusion: Therefore the correct answer is “GDP counts expenditures used to repair environmental damage as positive,” matching the provided answer.

According to Dr Paul Hardisty, when there was a major oil spill off the coast of Louisiana and Texas, the GDP of those states actually increased. This was because: Select a single answer.单项选择题

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