Margaret Mead found societies wherein

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Margaret Mead's ethnographic fieldwork in New Guinea documented distinct gender-role patterns across three societies, demonstrating that multiple models of masculinity and femininity occur cross-culturally.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Mead’s major study, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935), compares three tribes: the Arapesh, the Mundugumor (also called Biwat), and the Tchambuli (Chambri).
- Key concept: gender roles are culturally shaped; different societies may expect different temperaments of men and women.

2. Step-by-step reasoning and mapping
- Step 1: Arapesh. Mead observed both men and women as gentle, cooperative, and nonaggressive. This matches the pattern “both genders expected to be nonaggressive and cooperative.”
- Step 2: Mundugumor. In this society Mead described both men and women as aggressive, competitive, and selfish. This matches “both genders were expected to be aggressive.”
- Step 3: Tchambuli. Mead found gender roles reversed relative to Western norms: women were more dominant, practical, and assertive in public life, while men were more emotionally dependent and concerned with appearance. This corresponds to “where women were the aggressive ones.”

3. Intermediate steps and evidence synthesis
- Combine the three observations: Arapesh = nonaggressive both sexes; Mundugumor = aggressive both sexes; Tchambuli = women assertive/dominant. Each of the answer choices (except the first) describes only one of these patterns; Mead documented all three.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- The choice “each one of these patterns existed” accurately summarizes Mead’s central empirical finding: societies exist that exemplify each of those distinct patterns of gender temperament.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- “Where women were the aggressive ones” describes only the Tchambuli and ignores the Arapesh and Mundugumor.
- “Where both genders were expected to be aggressive” describes only the Mundugumor.
- “Where both genders were expected to be nonaggressive and cooperative” describes only the Arapesh.
All three are partial; none alone captures the full set Mead reported.

Conclusion: Therefore, the correct answer is “each one of these patterns existed,” which matches the provided answer.

Margaret Mead found societies wherein单项选择题

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