What does London mean wen he describes deep learning AI's reasoning as "atheoretical, associationist, and opaque"? (Check BOTH that apply)

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

In this question, we’re asked to unpack what London means by describing deep learning AI’s reasoning as atheoretical, associationist, and opaque, and to identify the two statements that align with that description.
Option A: 'AI's decisions are not interpretable by human beings.' This aligns with the term 'opaque,' which indicates a lack of transparency or interpretability in how the AI arrives at its outputs. Since deep learning models often operate as complex function approximators with many layers, their internal reasoning isn’t readily understandable to humans, matching the idea of being not interpretable.
Option B: 'AI produces decisions that are based solely on correlations, rather than a theory about disease or treatment mechanisms.' The label 'atheoretical' and 'associationist' point to a reliance on statistical associations or correlations learned from data, rather than grounding decisions in explicit theories about underlying mechanisms. This makes B a good reflection of London’s characterization.
Option C: 'The rules that are programmed into AI are too complicated for the layperson to understand.' While it is true that some AI systems have complex or proprietary rules or weights, the statement focuses on the broader epistemic character (atheoretical, associationist, opaque) rather than the explicit complexity of rules. This option describes a complexity issue more than the theoretical stance or reliance on correlations, so it doesn’t directly capture the described reasoning.
Option D: 'AI uses mechanistic or causal reasoning to justify its decisions.' This directly contradicts the idea of being atheoretical and associationist. If AI were using mechanistic or causal reasoning, it would not be described as atheoretical or solely correlation-based. Therefore, D runs counter to London’s description.
Overall, the two statements that best map onto atheoretical, associationist, and opaque descriptions are A and B, while C and D introduce misalignments with the intended characterization. The reasoning here highlights interpretability concerns and reliance on correlations rather than theory as core features of the described AI reasoning.

What does London mean wen he describes deep learning AI's reasoning as "atheoretical, associationist, and opaque"? (Check BOTH that apply)多项选择题

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