Question 5.8 Choose the correct answer(s)Read the following statements regarding substantive judgements of fairness and select the correct one(s).

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Substantive judgements about fairness rest on normative values such as equality, liberty (freedom to choose), and welfare (happiness/utility), so these different foundations can lead to different conclusions about what is fair.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Normative bases for fairness: equality (equal shares), liberty (freedom and consent), and utilitarian/welfare (maximizing happiness or utility).  
- Disagreement in normative judgments is common because people prioritize different principles (e.g., Rawlsian fairness vs. libertarian choice vs. utilitarian welfare).  
- “Happiness” or welfare is measurable in economics via revealed preferences, utility functions, or survey-based life-satisfaction measures (so it can be used, albeit imperfectly).

2) Step-by-step reasoning for each option
a. “Two people making substantive judgements … must necessarily agree.” False. Substantive judgements are value-laden; two people can reasonably prioritize different principles (e.g., one favors strict equality, the other favors reward for effort), so agreement is not necessary.  
b. “Fairness may depend on the individual’s freedom to choose without socially imposed limits.” True. A liberty-based view of fairness (libertarian or choice-based theories and capability approaches) explicitly uses freedom to choose as central; if choices are constrained by social limits, an allocation can be judged unfair.  
c. “If all individuals receive an equal income then this allocation cannot be made fairer.” False. Equal income may still be unfair if needs differ, if past injustices remain, or if other fairness criteria (e.g., need, desert, or utility maximization) suggest improvement. Equality is not the definitive measure for all fairness concepts.  
d. “Happiness cannot be objectively measured and therefore cannot be used to evaluate the fairness of an allocation.” False. While subjective, happiness/welfare is routinely operationalized (surveys, utility models, revealed preference) and used in welfare economics to evaluate allocations.

3) Calculations
No numerical calculations are required.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
Option b aligns directly with liberty-based substantive theories: where freedom to choose without social constraints is itself a fairness criterion.

5) Why other options are incorrect
a is wrong because normative disagreement is possible; c is wrong because equality doesn’t guarantee impossibility of improvement under other fairness principles; d is wrong because welfare/happiness can be and is used as a criterion despite measurement challenges.

Conclusion: Only option b is correct, which matches the provided answer.

Question 5.8 Choose the correct answer(s)Read the following statements regarding substantive judgements of fairness and select the correct one(s).多项选择题

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