According to the film, “In Sickness and in Wealth,” which of the following factors has the most significant impact on a person’s health?单项选择题

A

Gender

B

Social class

C

Nutrition

D

Genetics

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Choose A, B, C or D as the best answer. 30.The author’s main argument is that __________.

Read the text on determinants of health and answer the following questions. 1. A person’s health and wellbeing is influenced by individual, societal and socioeconomic factors. These ‘determinants of health’ and ‘risk factors’ combine to affect the health of individuals and communities. They include broad features of society and environment; socioeconomic characteristics; a person’s knowledge, attitudes and beliefs; health behaviours; psychological factors; safety factors; and biomedical factors. 2. Determinants can affect health positively or negatively—they are attributes, characteristics or exposures that increase or decrease the likelihood that a person develops a disease or health disorder. Many risk factors can be changed or controlled to improve health outcomes or to reduce the chance of ill health. In turn, a person’s health status influences social and socioeconomic factors; for example, their health can affect their ability to work, earn an income or participate in their community. 3. Many chronic conditions share common risk factors that are largely preventable, such as tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity and high blood pressure. Almost one-third of the overall disease burden in Australia could be prevented by reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors. Small personal lifestyle changes can have big health gains for the whole population—if we all did an extra 15 minutes of brisk walking, 5 days a week, Australia’s disease burden due to physical inactivity would be cut by about 14%. 4. Fewer Australians are smoking than ever before—and 62% of the population have never smoked. Nevertheless, tobacco use continues to be the single risk factor causing the most disease burden in Australia, with the largest impact from tobacco use on cancer, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, fewer Australians are drinking at levels that contribute to alcohol-related harm over a lifetime. However, about 26% of people drink more than is recommended on a single occasion, and they do this at least once each month. Younger people show more promising trends when it comes to alcohol—fewer people aged 12–17 are drinking and a greater proportion are abstaining from drinking altogether. The indicators for illicit drug use are less positive, with Australia recording the highest number of drug deaths seen in 20 years (1,800 deaths). 5. Eating a healthy diet reduces the risk of diet-related conditions and can protect against associated chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes. However, the eating habits of many Australians do not meet recommended dietary guidelines. For example, about 99% of children, 97% of men and 95% of women do not consume the recommended serves of vegetables, and more than two-thirds (69%) of children and almost half (47%) of adults exceed the recommended intake of free sugars (they should account for less than 10% of energy). 6. Together with eating a healthy diet, getting enough exercise can reduce the risk of many chronic conditions and other disease risk factors, such as overweight and obesity, and high blood pressure. Despite this, 92% of young people aged 13–17, 52% of adults aged 18–64 and 75% of adults aged 65 and over are not doing the recommended amount of exercise for their age each week. Almost two-thirds (63%) of Australian adults are overweight or obese. The prevalence has increased over time. Of particular concern, is the growing rate of severe obesity, which almost doubled between 1995 and 2014–15 among adults. Elevated blood pressure is also a disease risk. Slightly more than 1 in 3 (6 million) Australian adults have high blood pressure. 7. Finally, health literacy – or what the ordinary people know about health and health behaviours - can influence how much and how effectively they engage in looking after their own health; however, based on the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics Health Literacy Survey, only 4 in 10 (41%) adults have a level of understanding about health that is adequate for the complex demands of everyday life. There is evidence that the better educated people are, the better their level of health literacy. Therefore, improving overall education standards can have long term national benefits for health. 8. Many key drivers of health are integral to our everyday living and working conditions—the circumstances in which we grow, live, work and age. One very significant social determinant is socioeconomic position, which can be described in terms of educational attainment, income level, and occupational status. In general, every step up the socioeconomic ladder has a corresponding benefit for health. It is estimated that closing the health gap between the most and least disadvantaged Australians would spare around half a million people from chronic illness and save $2.3 billion in annual hospital costs. Questions 23-24What do the underlined words in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.23. ‘which’ in paragraph 6 refers to Answer Question 11[input].

Choose A, B, C or D as the best answer. 30.The author’s main argument is that __________.

Read the text on determinants of health and answer the following questions. 1. A person’s health and wellbeing is influenced by individual, societal and socioeconomic factors. These ‘determinants of health’ and ‘risk factors’ combine to affect the health of individuals and communities. They include broad features of society and environment; socioeconomic characteristics; a person’s knowledge, attitudes and beliefs; health behaviours; psychological factors; safety factors; and biomedical factors. 2. Determinants can affect health positively or negatively—they are attributes, characteristics or exposures that increase or decrease the likelihood that a person develops a disease or health disorder. Many risk factors can be changed or controlled to improve health outcomes or to reduce the chance of ill health. In turn, a person’s health status influences social and socioeconomic factors; for example, their health can affect their ability to work, earn an income or participate in their community. 3. Many chronic conditions share common risk factors that are largely preventable, such as tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity, physical inactivity and high blood pressure. Almost one-third of the overall disease burden in Australia could be prevented by reducing exposure to modifiable risk factors. Small personal lifestyle changes can have big health gains for the whole population—if we all did an extra 15 minutes of brisk walking, 5 days a week, Australia’s disease burden due to physical inactivity would be cut by about 14%. 4. Fewer Australians are smoking than ever before—and 62% of the population have never smoked. Nevertheless, tobacco use continues to be the single risk factor causing the most disease burden in Australia, with the largest impact from tobacco use on cancer, respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, fewer Australians are drinking at levels that contribute to alcohol-related harm over a lifetime. However, about 26% of people drink more than is recommended on a single occasion, and they do this at least once each month. Younger people show more promising trends when it comes to alcohol—fewer people aged 12–17 are drinking and a greater proportion are abstaining from drinking altogether. The indicators for illicit drug use are less positive, with Australia recording the highest number of drug deaths seen in 20 years (1,800 deaths). 5. Eating a healthy diet reduces the risk of diet-related conditions and can protect against associated chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes. However, the eating habits of many Australians do not meet recommended dietary guidelines. For example, about 99% of children, 97% of men and 95% of women do not consume the recommended serves of vegetables, and more than two-thirds (69%) of children and almost half (47%) of adults exceed the recommended intake of free sugars (they should account for less than 10% of energy). 6. Together with eating a healthy diet, getting enough exercise can reduce the risk of many chronic conditions and other disease risk factors, such as overweight and obesity, and high blood pressure. Despite this, 92% of young people aged 13–17, 52% of adults aged 18–64 and 75% of adults aged 65 and over are not doing the recommended amount of exercise for their age each week. Almost two-thirds (63%) of Australian adults are overweight or obese. The prevalence has increased over time. Of particular concern, is the growing rate of severe obesity, which almost doubled between 1995 and 2014–15 among adults. Elevated blood pressure is also a disease risk. Slightly more than 1 in 3 (6 million) Australian adults have high blood pressure. 7. Finally, health literacy – or what the ordinary people know about health and health behaviours - can influence how much and how effectively they engage in looking after their own health; however, based on the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics Health Literacy Survey, only 4 in 10 (41%) adults have a level of understanding about health that is adequate for the complex demands of everyday life. There is evidence that the better educated people are, the better their level of health literacy. Therefore, improving overall education standards can have long term national benefits for health. 8. Many key drivers of health are integral to our everyday living and working conditions—the circumstances in which we grow, live, work and age. One very significant social determinant is socioeconomic position, which can be described in terms of educational attainment, income level, and occupational status. In general, every step up the socioeconomic ladder has a corresponding benefit for health. It is estimated that closing the health gap between the most and least disadvantaged Australians would spare around half a million people from chronic illness and save $2.3 billion in annual hospital costs. Questions 23-24What do the underlined words in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.23. ‘which’ in paragraph 6 refers to Answer Question 11[input].

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