What does Kahneman refer to as "cognitive illusions"?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To tackle this question, I will evaluate what Kahneman means by cognitive illusions and how each option aligns with that concept.
Option a: The habit of relying too heavily on the first piece of information encountered. This describes the anchoring effect, a well-known cognitive bias, but it is not the broad definition Kahneman uses for cognitive illusions. So this is related yet not the general term for cognitive illusions.
Option b: The tendency to believe in something even when it's proven wrong. This captures a core idea behind cognitive illusions: people cling to beliefs or interpretations despite contradictory evidence, reflecting biases in judgment and reasoning that Kahneman discusses when illustrating intuitive errors. This option aligns with the concept of cognitive illusions as systematic errors in thinking that persist despite disproof.
Option c: The automatic response of System 1 thinking. While cognitive illusions often arise from System 1 shortcuts, this option only describes the mechanism (System 1) rather than the phenomenon of illusion itself. It identifies a process, not the misbelief or misjudgment that constitutes the illusion.
Option d: The inability to recognize one's own mistakes. This speaks to metacognitive shortcomings and overconfidence, which can contribute to cognitive illusions, but it is not the definition of cognitive illusions on its own. It’s a facet that explains why illusions persist, not the definition.
Option e: The effortful and deliberate actions of System 2 thinking. This describes System 2 processing, which typically corrects errors rather than causing cognitive illusions; thus it is the opposite of what cognitive illusions are (which are often automatic and intuitive). Therefore this option is not correct.
Overall, option b best matches Kahneman's notion of cognitive illusions as persistent beliefs despite evidence to the contrary, whereas the other options either pinpoint specific biases (a), describe underlying processes (c, e), or discuss metacognitive issues without defining the illusion itself (d).

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