In order to make causal inference in an observational study with confounding by sex, the investigator must adjust for sex in the analysis phase. This is necessary to satisfy the assumption of:单项选择题

A

a. Consistency

B

b. Positivity

C

c. Exchangeability

D

d. Well-defined interventions

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Question at position 22 In order to assess the effects of exercise on reducing cholesterol, a researcher took a random sample of fifty people from a local gym who exercised regularly and another random sample of fifty people from the surrounding community who did not exercise regularly. They all reported to a clinic to have their cholesterol measured. The subjects were unaware of the purpose of the study, and the technician measuring the cholesterol was not aware of whether or not test subjects exercised regularly. Which of the following best describes the inferences the researcher can make based on his results?He cannot make inferences about either cause and effect or the populations from which the samples were taken.He can make inferences about the populations from which the samples were taken, but not about cause and effect.He can make inferences about both cause and effect and the populations from which the samples were taken.There is not enough information to make judgments about the scope of inference.He can make inferences about cause and effect, but not about the populations from which the samples were taken.

Which of the following is a structural reason why diabetes and heart disease would be associated in the DAG above?  

Which of the following assumptions are required for causal inference from observational studies?  

It is possible to verify the exchangeability assumption in observational studies.

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