The principles of the Treaty of Waitangi include:
《怀唐伊条约》的原则包括：

(a) the Crown's right to govern
(a) 王室的统治权

(b) the Crown's duty to protect Māori interests
(b) 政府保护毛利人利益的义务

(c) the Crown's duty to create Māori seats
(c) 政府设立毛利议席的义务

(d) the Crown's duty to ensure state occasions are always conducted in te reo Māori
(d) 政府有责任确保国家仪式始终以毛利语进行

Select the correct statement below:

Question

The principles of the Treaty of Waitangi include:
《怀唐伊条约》的原则包括：

(a) the Crown's right to govern
(a) 王室的统治权

(b) the Crown's duty to protect Māori interests
(b) 政府保护毛利人利益的义务

(c) the Crown's duty to create Māori seats
(c) 政府设立毛利议席的义务

(d) the Crown's duty to ensure state occasions are always conducted in te reo Māori 
(d) 政府有责任确保国家仪式始终以毛利语进行

Select the correct statement below:

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Article 1 of the Treaty (English version) gives the Crown kāwanatanga — the authority to govern — while Article 2 guarantees Māori tino rangatiratanga (chiefly authority) over their lands, villages and taonga. Courts and tribunals have distilled these into Treaty principles such as partnership, active protection of Māori interests (including taonga like te reo Māori), the duty to consult, and good faith (see e.g. New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney‑General (1987)).

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Article 1 (kāwanatanga): Crown’s right to govern.
- Article 2 (rangatiratanga and protection of taonga): Crown’s duty to protect Māori interests and treasures.
- Treaty principles (partnership, active protection, duties to consult and remedy breaches) guide how the Crown must exercise its powers.
- The Treaty does not prescribe specific policy instruments (e.g. reserved parliamentary seats) or require all state occasions to be held in te reo Māori.

2. Step‑by‑step reasoning
- From Article 1, the Crown has the authority to govern — this supports option (a).
- From Article 2 and subsequent jurisprudence, the Crown must actively protect Māori interests (land, resources, language, culture) — this supports option (b).
- The Treaty’s protection of taonga includes te reo Māori, which obliges the Crown to promote and protect the language, but this is an obligation of protection and positive measures, not a literal requirement that every state occasion must be conducted in te reo Māori — so (d) overstates the Treaty duty.
- The Treaty establishes principles for participation and representation but does not specifically obligate the Crown to create Māori seats in Parliament — that is a policy choice, not a Treaty mandate — so (c) is incorrect.

3. Calculations
- None required.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- Options (a) and (b) directly reflect Treaty Articles 1 and 2 and established Treaty principles (kāwanatanga and the duty of active protection), so they are correct statements of Treaty principles.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- (c) Creating Māori seats is a political/policy mechanism, not an explicit Treaty principle.
- (d) While te reo Māori is a protected taonga and the Crown must protect and promote it, the Treaty does not require all state occasions always be conducted in te reo Māori.

6. Conclusion
Therefore, the correct selection is: Answers (a) and (b) are correct. This matches the provided answer.

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