A sociologist wants to study bullying in school. To measure bullying, she asks a series of questions, such as how often the person is pushed in the halls, made fun of in front of others, or harassed online. This process of taking the idea of bullying and turning it into specific questions is an example of:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

In this question, the sociologist is converting an abstract idea (bullying) into concrete, measurable items by asking specific questions about frequency of pushing, teasing, and online harassment. This process is called operationalization, which is about defining how a concept will be measured in the study.

Option 1: Defining the population of interest. This would involve specifying who is being studied (e.g., students in a particular school), not how to measure bullying. It addresses the whom, not the measurement of bullying itself, so it does not describe turning a concept into questions.

Option 2: Developing a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable statement about relationships or outcomes, such as whether bullying frequency correlates with academic performance. It comes after deciding what to measure, but it is not the act of turning bullying into questions.

Option 3: Operationalization. This is the precise term for translating a broad idea into observable and measurable indicators—in this case, the survey items about pushing, being made fun of, and online harassment.

Option 4: Generalizability. This concerns whether findings extend beyond the study sample to a larger population, which is about external validity rather than how variables are measured.

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