Question at position 47 Encoding failure occurs whenother information gets in the way of what an individual wants to remember.an individual is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it.the information never entered long-term memory.memories are lost from storage over a span of time.

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Question at position 47: Encoding failure occurs when...
Option 1: 'other information gets in the way of what an individual wants to remember.' This describes interference during encoding, where competing or distracting information disrupts the process of encoding, but it does not by itself specify that encoding failed to occur entirely; it often slows or distorts encoding rather than preventing the information from ever entering memory. So this is a plausible mechanism for forgetting, but not the precise definition of encoding failure.
Option 2: 'an individual is so traumatized by an event that he or she forgets it.' This describes dissociative or traumatic forgetting, which involves retrieval or memory processing under extreme stress, but encoding failure specifically concerns the initial encoding stage. Trauma-related forgetting can affect retrieval more than encoding, so this option misattributes the process.
Option 3: 'the information never entered long-term memory.' This directly corresponds to encoding failure: if encoding did not occur, the information never made it into long-term storage, so forgetting results from the absence of encoding in the first place. This aligns with the standard definition of encoding failure in memory models.
Option 4: 'memories are lost from storage over a span of time.' This describes decay or natural forgetting over time, not encoding failure. It implies that memories were stored but gradually degraded, which is a retrieval/storage decay concept rather than encoding failure at the initial stage.
As a whole, the key distinction is whether forgetting arises because the information never got encoded into memory versus being encoded but later lost or disrupted. Encoding failure specifically points to the information never entering long-term memory, making option 3 the most accurate description among the choices.

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