When blood glucose falls too low, what hormonal response brings blood glucose levels back to normal?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

First, we need to interpret the physiological question: when blood glucose drops, which hormonal response raises glucose back to normal levels?
Option 1: 'Glucagon promotes the breakdown of muscle glycogen.' While glucagon is the correct hormone for raising blood glucose, its primary action is on liver glycogen stores, not muscle glycogen. Muscle glycogen is reserved for local use in muscle cells and is not released into the bloodstream, so this statement misidentifies the tissue and mechanism.
Option 2: 'Glucagon promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen.' This aligns with the classic counter-regulatory role of glucagon. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver, releasing glucose into the bloodstream and thereby increasing blood glucose when levels are low.
Option 3: 'Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver.' Insulin generally lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake and storage, including glycogenesis in the liver and muscle. In the context of hypoglycemia, insulin would counteract the needed rise in glucose, making this option incorrect.
Option 4: 'Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis in the muscle.' While insulin does promote glycogen synthesis in muscle, the key action required to restore low blood glucose is hepatic glycogenolysis to release glucose, not muscle glycogen storage. Therefore this choice does not match the physiological response to hypoglycemia.
Option 5: 'Insulin promotes the breakdown of muscle glycogen.' Insulin actually inhibits glycogenolysis and promotes storage processes; it does not trigger breakdown of glycogen in muscle. This makes the statement contrary to insulin’s known effects in hypoglycemic conditions.
Overall, the correct physiological mechanism for correcting low blood glucose is the action of glucagon on the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream, rather than actions on muscle glycogen or effects mediated by insulin.

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