In Deaton (2008), which of the following is NOT a reason the author suggests helps to explain the difference in the pattern exhibited between log income and satisfaction across the two different survey sources (World Values Surveys and the Gallup World Poll)?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Deaton’s discussion centers on measurement and survey-design differences, not on an assertion that incomes in sub‑Saharan Africa are unusually sufficient to meet basic needs. His suggested explanations for the divergent log-income–satisfaction patterns between the World Values Survey (WVS) and the Gallup World Poll (GWP) are primarily about how well the surveys measure evaluative wellbeing and how samples and timing differ.

Relevant knowledge points and concepts:
- Measurement differences: the WVS and GWP use different question wordings and response formats (e.g., life‑satisfaction questions versus the Cantril “ladder” life‑evaluation), producing different anchors and respondent interpretations.
- Survey mode and cultural response style: face‑to‑face interviewing, differences in translation, and cultural tendencies to use different parts of scales can create systematic differences across surveys.
- Sample composition and timing: the two surveys cover different sets of countries and years; changes over time and which countries are included can affect the observed relationship between log income and satisfaction.
- Measurement error in income and other covariates can attenuate or distort estimated slopes.

Step‑by‑step reasoning:
1. Deaton points to question wording and response scales as a key reason: different instruments capture somewhat different constructs (satisfaction vs. evaluation) and are not directly comparable.
2. He emphasizes survey implementation differences — sampling frames, interviewer effects, translation/context effects — that can shift average responses or the slope of satisfaction versus log income.
3. Time coverage and country composition differences matter: if one survey samples different countries or slightly different periods, the cross‑country income–satisfaction slope can differ.
4. None of Deaton’s main explanations invoke a claim that sub‑Saharan African incomes are “sufficient” at a lower level relative to the rest of the world; that statement is not part of his argument.

Why the given choice is correct (i.e., is NOT one of Deaton’s reasons):
- The statement asserts a substantive substantive economic claim about basic needs being met more easily in sub‑Saharan Africa, which is inconsistent with Deaton’s focus on measurement and sampling explanations. He does not argue that lower incomes in sub‑Saharan Africa explain a steeper slope in WVS data; rather, he attributes differences to survey design, question wording, and sample/timing differences.
- The sentence is also internally dubious: if lower incomes were sufficient for basic needs in one region but not others, that would not straightforwardly produce the specific survey discrepancies Deaton documents.

Why other (actual) reasons are the plausible explanations:
- Different question formats (WVS vs Cantril ladder) legitimately change respondent interpretation and thus estimated associations.
- Differences in sampling, timing, interviewer mode, and cultural response styles directly cause survey‑to‑survey differences in means and slopes.
- Measurement error in reported income or satisfaction scales can attenuate or distort estimated relationships.

Conclusion: The provided statement about sub‑Saharan African incomes being sufficient at lower levels is not one of Deaton’s reasons and thus is the correct answer as the option that is NOT suggested by Deaton (2008). This confirms the final answer matches the provided answer.

In Deaton (2008), which of the following is NOT a reason the author suggests helps to explain the difference in the pattern exhibited between log income and satisfaction across the two different survey sources (World Values Surveys and the Gallup World Poll)?单项选择题

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