Which of the following is a sign-based measurement according to Girard and Cohn (2016)?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The question asks to identify which option represents a sign-based measurement according to Girard and Cohn (2016).
Option 1: 'Count how many courtship displays a male Anna’s hummingbird has to perform to mate successfully.' This is a behavioral quantity count, but it measures observable actions in the context of mating rather than a direct measurement of facial or muscle activity, so it is not sign-based in the sense of facial action coding.
Option 2: 'Measuring how skilled a soccer player is by counting how many times teammates pass them the ball.' This is a performance metric based on external outcomes (passes received), not a sign of internal or facial muscle activity, and thus not sign-based.
Option 3: 'Measure how much someone enjoyed a concert by rating how excited and happy they look.' Although this involves appearance, it is a subjective appraisal of affective state and not a standardized sign-based measurement method like looking at specific muscular movements; it relies on overall impression rather than a coded facial action system.
Option 4: 'Measuring how much the muscles involved in the eyebrow flash contract when people greet strangers vs. friends using FACS.' This option directly references FACS (Facial Action Coding System) and the measurement of specific facial muscle movements (the eyebrow flash), fitting the description of a sign-based measurement where observable facial signs are quantified.
In summary, the sign-based approach centers on objective coding of facial muscle movements using a standardized system, which is uniquely captured by the option that mentions measuring eyebrow-related muscle activity with FACS. The other options describe general performance, subjective ratings, or non-facial behaviors, none of which align with sign-based facial measurement conventions.

Which of the following is a sign-based measurement according to Girard and Cohn (2016)?单项选择题

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