Match the terminology to the situation:

I. A study with random allocation allows us to make a strong causal inference.
II. Results from a study run in a laboratory may not be applicable to the real world.

Question

Match the terminology to the situation:

I. A study with random allocation allows us to make a strong causal inference.
II. Results from a study run in a laboratory may not be applicable to the real world.

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Random allocation balances known and unknown confounders between groups, so it primarily protects internal validity and supports causal inference.

1) Relevant concepts: Internal validity refers to whether the observed effect in a study reflects a true causal relationship in the study population (absence of bias, confounding, and systematic error). External validity (generalizability) refers to whether results can be applied to other populations, settings, or times. Random allocation (randomization) is a design feature that reduces confounding and selection bias. Laboratory settings provide tight control but may differ from real-world conditions (ecological validity concerns).

2) Step-by-step reasoning for I: Statement I says a study with random allocation allows strong causal inference. Randomization aims to ensure treatment groups are comparable on both measured and unmeasured factors. If groups are comparable, differences in outcomes can be attributed to the intervention rather than confounders. That directly describes good internal validity. Therefore I maps to “Good internal validity.”

3) Step-by-step reasoning for II: Statement II says results from a laboratory study may not be applicable to the real world. Laboratory studies often use artificial conditions, selected participants, or tightly controlled procedures that differ from routine practice or broader populations. These differences limit how well findings extend beyond the study context. That describes weak external validity (limited generalizability).

4) Why the correct answer is correct: Random allocation strengthens causal claims by protecting internal validity; lab-based or highly controlled studies frequently sacrifice real-world representativeness, reducing external validity. The two statements therefore align exactly with “I. Good internal validity” and “II. Weak external validity.”

5) Why other mappings would be incorrect: Assigning random allocation to weak internal validity contradicts the purpose of randomization (which reduces bias). Labeling laboratory results as strong external validity ignores differences between controlled and real-world conditions; lab studies typically reduce, not increase, generalizability.

6) Conclusion: The correct matching is I. Good internal validity II. Weak external validity, which confirms the provided answer.

Match the terminology to the situation: I. A study with random allocation allows us to make a strong causal inference. II. Results from a study run in a laboratory may not be applicable to the real world.单项选择题

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