The study of the environment and our place in it is Blank ______.单项选择题
A
environmental science
B
landscape architecture
C
biology
D
geology
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Now, imagine that instead of CO2, our cars putout horse ploppies that fell on the road. U.S. cars would be delivering the number of pounds of horse ploppies you just calculated, each year, to each square foot of paved road in the country. The CO2 from our cars, if turned to horse ploppies, would make a one-inch-thick layer spread across all the paved roads in the entire country each year. Just take a moment and think of this—what would happen if you stomped on the accelerator in an inch of recycled hay? How about braking? After a few decades, would all the roads look like pickup-truck commercials, with giant sprays of something like mud coming off the tires? Would you enjoy being a pedestrian? Would joggers switch to cross-country skiing? To get total U.S. CO2 production, you need to multiply again by about 3—we heat and air condition our homes, etc., as well as driving our cars, and most of the heating and cooling comes from fossil fuels, too. So, spread that inch of horse ploppies across your living room carpet, and across every other living space in the nation. Put differently, the average American generates 15 tons of CO2 per year. (Compare this to a bit over half a ton per person per year of solid waste we in the USA put out in garbage cans to go to landfills.) If you had an inch-thick layer of horse ploppies each year on every square inch of paved road in America, you very clearly would smell it everywhere—the volatile organic molecules wafting off the mess would quickly be blown around the country and the world. We don’t smell the CO2, but it is everywhere, building up steadily in the atmosphere, changing the climate… and we humans clearly are influential enough to do this. So, for you alert readers playing along at home, how thick would the layer be if all the CO2 released by U.S. cars were converted to an equivalent weight of horse ploppies and spread uniformly across all the paved roads in the U.S.? (You've already seen this answer several times, so this is your reward for staying with us to the end.)
Read the text on renewable energy sources and answer the following questions. There is growing interest and investment in the use of low-carbon technologies to generate electricity. However, all energy production will have environmental side-effects. Our research set out to establish whether renewable energy forms are really better than fossil fuels and nuclear power. In a research paper, we analyzed the environmental impact of electricity generation from renewable sources, nuclear fission power plants and fossil fuels. The environmental impact of any energy source needs to be measured across a range of criteria. We accounted for the environmental effects associated with the production, operation and dismantling of facilities, as well as the production, transport and combustion of fuels. Our study emphatically confirms that fossil fuels – mainly coal – place a heavy burden on the environment and that most renewable power projects have lower pollution-related impacts on ecosystems and human health. Nonetheless, no energy source is without adverse environmental side effects. Photovoltaics (PV) comes out very well in our analysis. Today, the production of PV cells, commonly called solar panels, uses much less energy than previously. The carbon emissions per unit of PV electricity is one-tenth or less of even the most efficient natural gas power plants. However, solar panels require much more space to generate the same amount of power as fossil fuel or nuclear power generators. Also, this need for large tracts of land and can have a negative impact on local species. Does this mean covering huge areas with solar panels is a problem? Not necessarily. The amount of land needed to generate a kilowatt-hour from PV is comparable to that of coal power, when the land associated with mining coal is accounted for. What’s more, about half of the PV installations in our future scenario in 2050 could be placed on rooftops. Environmental effects from hydropower vary widely, we found. Some dams cause significant climate impacts through the emissions of methane from the decomposition of biomass in reservoirs. Other dams cause equally serious ecological problems through habitat destruction. They can also block the migration of aquatic species and reduce sediment flow and nutrient transport, which affects floodplains and deltas. On the other hand, reservoirs form new habitats for birds and other species. Hydropower offers a good example of the importance of site selection and project design. Some projects may be economically viable but ultimately should not be implemented due to the environmental degradation they can cause. For other projects, the impacts can be limited by mitigation strategies such as environmental stream flow and fish ladders, which provide a detour for migrating fish around a hydropower dam. Similar lessons hold for wind power, the first of which is the need to minimise habitat destruction during construction. Then, once facilities are built and up and running, their operations should be adjusted in order to reduce collisions with flying creatures, such as raptors and bats. Also, wind power resources vary widely across locations, which stresses the importance of choosing locations where wind resources are more abundant. Biomass energy, or burning plant material for power, is important in plans to limit global warming. ". When combined with CO₂ capture and storage, it can remove carbon from the air and store it underground, which helps the environment. Using fast growing leafy plants, such as willow and miscanthus, for biomass power can reduce greenhouse gas emissions because they absorb CO2 effectively as they grow. However, growing these plants requires vast areas of land, which can have significant ecological implications, such as the loss of habitat and species. In fact, the ecological damage from biomass energy can be comparable to that from coal and gas. Biomass power is better for ecosystems only when combined with carbon capture and storage. Climate mitigation strategies can provide a rare opportunity to reduce not only carbon emissions but also a wide range of environmental problems. However, deployment of low-carbon technologies should avoid sensitive habitats in order to fully realize their environmental benefits without triggering unintended consequences. Power plant siting, project design and technology choice are critical issues that investors and governments should consider very carefully. While most people recognize that solar and wind are low-carbon energy sources, bioenergy and carbon capture and storage also have an indispensable role in basically all scenarios where countries rapidly reduce carbon emissions. Our results indicate that we need to search for ways to use these technologies while minimizing the harm to ecosystems. What does the underlined word in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.23. ‘they’ in paragraph 4 refers to Answer Question 11[input].
Question textTHREE WAYS TO REDUCE OUR CARBON FOOTPRINT Turn off lights o especially the 6. Answer 1 Question 2[input] lights o lights: - help us see / read - produce 7. Answer 2 Question 2[input] o turning off lights → prevents the release of 413 kg of 8. Answer 3 Question 2[input] per year Buy and use recycled items: o e.g. furniture, clothes o we need to modify our shopping habits and attitudes as we live in a 9. Answer 4 Question 2[input]. Change diet o Increase consumption of: - fruit and veggies - 10. Answer 5 Question 2[input]
Question at position 16 What does greening the value chain mainly focus on?↳Increasing product prices to gain higher profit.Reducing environmental impact at every stage of production and supply.↳Promoting products only through online marketing.Shortening the production process to save time.
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