John Muir was an outspoken proponent of biocentric preservation, claiming that nature
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Question

John Muir was an outspoken proponent of biocentric preservation, claiming that nature 
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BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Biocentric preservation asserts that nonhuman nature has intrinsic value independent of human uses, so it is deserving of moral consideration and protection.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Biocentrism: ethical view that all living things have intrinsic worth.
- Preservation (as John Muir advocated): protecting wilderness for its own sake, not merely for human benefit.
- Contrast with anthropocentrism: values nature primarily for human utility.

2. Step-by-step reasoning
- John Muir was a founder of the American conservation movement who argued that wild places possess inherent value.
- His writings emphasize spiritual, aesthetic, and moral worth in nature itself rather than only instrumental value to humans.
- Therefore, a statement summarizing his view must express that nature has a claim or right independent of human purposes.

3. Calculations
- None required; this is conceptual reasoning.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- “Had a fundamental right to exist” directly captures biocentric preservation’s claim that nature’s existence is morally significant in itself. Muir’s language frequently framed wilderness as worthy of respect and protection because of its own right to be, aligning precisely with this option.

5. Why the other options are incorrect
- “Should be left completely untouched” is too absolute: while Muir favored strong preservation, his arguments focus on protecting intrinsic value rather than insisting on zero human interaction in every case; also, historical preservation policies sometimes allowed limited human access or stewardship.
- “Should be utilized to full human advantage” expresses anthropocentrism, the opposite of Muir’s biocentric stance; he opposed viewing nature merely as a resource for exploitation.

6. Conclusion
Given Muir’s biocentric preservation principles, the correct answer is that nature “had a fundamental right to exist,” which matches the provided answer.

John Muir was an outspoken proponent of biocentric preservation, claiming that nature Blank ______.单项选择题

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