Question at position 11 The average grade on the psychology test was an 85. Carlos thinks he got about an 85, but he actually earned a 50. His overestimation of his grade is due to the ______Effect.Frog PondLocal DominanceDownward ComparisonNDunning-Kruger单项选择题
A
Frog Pond
B
Local Dominance
C
Downward Comparison
D
N
E
Dunning-Kruger

Question

Question at position 11 The average grade on the psychology test was an 85. Carlos thinks he got about an 85, but he actually earned a 50. His overestimation of his grade is due to the ______Effect.Frog PondLocal DominanceDownward ComparisonNDunning-Kruger单项选择题

A

Frog Pond

B

Local Dominance

C

Downward Comparison

D

N

E

Dunning-Kruger

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

The Dunning–Kruger effect describes how people with low ability in a domain often overestimate their competence because they lack the metacognitive skills to accurately evaluate their own performance.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Dunning–Kruger effect: a cognitive bias where low performers overestimate their ability; they lack the self-awareness to recognize their errors.
- Overconfidence/miscalibration: discrepancy between perceived and actual performance.
- Other concepts listed: Frog Pond effect (social comparison with group affecting self-evaluation), Downward comparison (comparing to worse-off others to feel better), Local dominance (not applicable here), and “N” (nonsensical option).

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- Given: class average = 85; Carlos thinks he earned ≈85; actual score = 50.
- Compare Carlos’s estimate to reality: 85 (estimate) versus 50 (actual).
- This is a clear overestimation of his own performance despite having a low actual score.

3) Calculations and intermediate steps
- Absolute overestimation = estimated score − actual score = 85 − 50 = 35 points.
- Relative overestimation as a percent of actual = (35 / 50) × 100% = 70% over his true score.

4) Why the correct answer (Dunning–Kruger) is correct
- The hallmark of the Dunning–Kruger effect is that those who perform poorly lack the ability to recognize their poor performance and thus overestimate their competence. Carlos’s pattern—scoring 50 but believing he scored near the 85 average—matches this pattern exactly. His inability to accurately assess his own performance is the core phenomenon described by Dunning and Kruger.

5) Why the other options are incorrect
- Frog Pond effect: concerns feelings of standing (better or worse) depending on whether one is in a high- or low-performing group, not misjudging one’s own score magnitude.
- Downward comparison: involves comparing oneself to worse-performing others to boost self-esteem, not a misestimation of one’s actual score.
- Local Dominance: not relevant to self-assessment of performance here.
- “N”: not a meaningful option.

6) Conclusion
The scenario exemplifies the Dunning–Kruger effect; therefore the correct answer is Dunning-Kruger, which matches the provided answer.

Question at position 11 The average grade on the psychology test was an 85. Carlos thinks he got about an 85, but he actually earned a 50. His overestimation of his grade is due to the ______Effect.Frog PondLocal DominanceDownward ComparisonNDunning-Kruger单项选择题

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