In Raworth's doughnut model, the "safe and just space" for humanity is:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

To tackle this question, I will evaluate each option in the context of Raworth’s doughnut model and what is meant by the "safe and just space" for humanity.

Option a: 'The area outside both rings' — This area lies outside the doughnut, meaning it represents a state where neither social foundations nor ecological ceilings are met. This is not the safe and just space; rather, it indicates both ecological and social shortfalls. It would imply people lack minimum social foundations and also exceed planetary boundaries, which is undesirable.

Option b: 'The area between the social foundation and ecological ceiling' — This region sits between two boundaries: the inner social foundation (minimum social floor) and the outer ecological ceiling (planetary boundaries). Staying within this band is defined by Raworth as the safe and just space for humanity, where social needs are met without overshooting ecological limits. This aligns with the core idea of the doughnut: meeting human rights and well‑being goals while staying within environmental limits.

Option c: 'Unlimited economic growth' — The concept of unlimited growth conflicts with the doughnut framework, which explicitly emphasizes operating within ecological limits. Unlimited growth would push us beyond planetary boundaries and undermine the ecological ceiling, so it cannot be the safe and just space described by Raworth.

Option d: 'The inner ring only' — The inner ring represents the social foundation; focusing only on the inner ring means neglecting the ecological ceilings. That would imply meeting social needs but ignoring environmental limits, risking ecological collapse. Therefore, it does not represent the safe and just space either.

In summary, option b correctly captures the idea of the safe and just space as the zone between the social foundation and the ecological ceiling, where social needs are met without transgressing environmental thresholds. The other options either describe areas outside the doughnut, misrepresent growth assumptions, or neglect one of the two essential dimensions (social or ecological).

In Raworth's doughnut model, the "safe and just space" for humanity is:单项选择题

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