Economist Nicholas Stern argued that moral considerations warrant using a low discount rate when assessing future climate damages to place adequate value on the lives and welfare of future generations.Single choice
A
relative improvements in efficiency may be offset by increased consumption of a given product
B
the quality of remaining phosphorous reserves is expected to fall while its costs continue to rise
C
feeding a rapidly growing population is possible without further deforestation
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Choose A, B, C or D as the best answer.30. The author’s main argument is that __________.
Question textQuestions 25 – 29 Complete this summary of the last two paragraphs of the text by filling in each blank with ONE WORD from the text. Efforts to mitigate 25.Answer 1 Question 13[input] change offer a unique chance to address various environmental issues alongside reducing carbon emissions. However, implementing low-carbon technologies must steer clear of 26.Answer 2 Question 13[input] ecosystems to maximize benefits and avoid unforeseen repercussions. Careful consideration of power plant siting, design, and technology selection is paramount for both financial backers and 27. Answer 3 Question 13[input]. While solar and wind power are widely recognized as 28. Answer 4 Question 13[input] energy options, bioenergy and carbon capture and storage play crucial roles in swiftly reducing emissions in all scenarios. Balancing technology use with 29. Answer 5 Question 13[input] preservation is essential, as revealed by our findings.
What does the underlined word in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.24. ‘which’ in paragraph 5 refers to Answer Question 12[input].
Read the text on renewable energy sources and answer the following questions. There is growing interest and investment in the use of low-carbon technologies to generate electricity. However, all energy production will have environmental side-effects. Our research set out to establish whether renewable energy forms are really better than fossil fuels and nuclear power. In a research paper, we analyzed the environmental impact of electricity generation from renewable sources, nuclear fission power plants and fossil fuels. The environmental impact of any energy source needs to be measured across a range of criteria. We accounted for the environmental effects associated with the production, operation and dismantling of facilities, as well as the production, transport and combustion of fuels. Our study emphatically confirms that fossil fuels – mainly coal – place a heavy burden on the environment and that most renewable power projects have lower pollution-related impacts on ecosystems and human health. Nonetheless, no energy source is without adverse environmental side effects. Photovoltaics (PV) comes out very well in our analysis. Today, the production of PV cells, commonly called solar panels, uses much less energy than previously. The carbon emissions per unit of PV electricity is one-tenth or less of even the most efficient natural gas power plants. However, solar panels require much more space to generate the same amount of power as fossil fuel or nuclear power generators. Also, this need for large tracts of land and can have a negative impact on local species. Does this mean covering huge areas with solar panels is a problem? Not necessarily. The amount of land needed to generate a kilowatt-hour from PV is comparable to that of coal power, when the land associated with mining coal is accounted for. What’s more, about half of the PV installations in our future scenario in 2050 could be placed on rooftops. Environmental effects from hydropower vary widely, we found. Some dams cause significant climate impacts through the emissions of methane from the decomposition of biomass in reservoirs. Other dams cause equally serious ecological problems through habitat destruction. They can also block the migration of aquatic species and reduce sediment flow and nutrient transport, which affects floodplains and deltas. On the other hand, reservoirs form new habitats for birds and other species. Hydropower offers a good example of the importance of site selection and project design. Some projects may be economically viable but ultimately should not be implemented due to the environmental degradation they can cause. For other projects, the impacts can be limited by mitigation strategies such as environmental stream flow and fish ladders, which provide a detour for migrating fish around a hydropower dam. Similar lessons hold for wind power, the first of which is the need to minimise habitat destruction during construction. Then, once facilities are built and up and running, their operations should be adjusted in order to reduce collisions with flying creatures, such as raptors and bats. Also, wind power resources vary widely across locations, which stresses the importance of choosing locations where wind resources are more abundant. Biomass energy, or burning plant material for power, is important in plans to limit global warming. ". When combined with CO₂ capture and storage, it can remove carbon from the air and store it underground, which helps the environment. Using fast growing leafy plants, such as willow and miscanthus, for biomass power can reduce greenhouse gas emissions because they absorb CO2 effectively as they grow. However, growing these plants requires vast areas of land, which can have significant ecological implications, such as the loss of habitat and species. In fact, the ecological damage from biomass energy can be comparable to that from coal and gas. Biomass power is better for ecosystems only when combined with carbon capture and storage. Climate mitigation strategies can provide a rare opportunity to reduce not only carbon emissions but also a wide range of environmental problems. However, deployment of low-carbon technologies should avoid sensitive habitats in order to fully realize their environmental benefits without triggering unintended consequences. Power plant siting, project design and technology choice are critical issues that investors and governments should consider very carefully. While most people recognize that solar and wind are low-carbon energy sources, bioenergy and carbon capture and storage also have an indispensable role in basically all scenarios where countries rapidly reduce carbon emissions. Our results indicate that we need to search for ways to use these technologies while minimizing the harm to ecosystems. What does the underlined word in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.23. ‘they’ in paragraph 4 refers to Answer Question 11[input].
Question textQuestions 19 – 22. Which paragraphs contain the following supporting information? Match the information to the paragraph number.9. This form of renewable energy can impact animal life in both positive and negative ways. Answer 1 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8] 20. The research looked at all aspects of the creation and use of renewable energy sources. Answer 2 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8] 21. This renewable power source is available when needed, unlike some other forms. Answer 3 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8] 22. The land area required for this energy form is considerable but there are ways to reduce this. Answer 4 Question 10[select: , Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2, Paragraph 3, Paragraph4, Paragraph 5, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 7, Paragraph 8]
Question textQuestions 15-18. What is the author’s main point in each of these paragraphs? Choose from the list (a - g) below. There are 3 extra options.a. Low-carbon technologies used to generate electricity are becoming more popular than traditional energy sources.b. Despite their ‘green energy’ image, some renewables may have hidden environmental costs, making them less viable.c. By 2050, around 50% of solar panel installations will be on rooftops, freeing up land for other uses.d. Fossil fuels burden the environment heavily, while renewables generally have lower pollution impacts.e. Despite requiring more space, one renewable type compares favourably to fossil fuel production.f. Site selection and operational planning are essential to maximise power generation and minimize negative interactions with wildlife, such as birds.g. While this energy form can be polluting, the effects can be mitigated somewhat by carbon capture and storage.15.Paragraph 1 Answer 1 Question 9[select: , a. Low-carbon technologies used to generate electricity are becoming more popular than traditional energy sources., b. Despite their ‘green energy’ image, some renewables may have hidden environmental costs, making them less viable., c. By 2050, around 50% of solar panel installations will be on rooftops, freeing up land for other uses., d. Fossil fuels burden the environment heavily, while renewables generally have lower pollution impacts., e. Despite requiring more space, one renewable type compares favourably to fossil fuel production., f. Site selection and operational planning are essential to maximise power generation and minimize negative interactions with wildlife, such as birds., g. While this energy form can be polluting, the effects can be mitigated somewhat by carbon capture and storage.] 16.Paragraph 3 Answer 2 Question 9[select: , a. Low-carbon technologies used to generate electricity are becoming more popular than traditional energy sources., b. Despite their ‘green energy’ image, some renewables may have hidden environmental costs, making them less viable., c. By 2050, around 50% of solar panel installations will be on rooftops, freeing up land for other uses., d. Fossil fuels burden the environment heavily, while renewables generally have lower pollution impacts., e. Despite requiring more space, one renewable type compares favourably to fossil fuel production., f. Site selection and operational planning are essential to maximise power generation and minimize negative interactions with wildlife, such as birds., g. While this energy form can be polluting, the effects can be mitigated somewhat by carbon capture and storage.] 17.Paragraph 5 Answer 3 Question 9[select: , a. Low-carbon technologies used to generate electricity are becoming more popular than traditional energy sources., b. Despite their ‘green energy’ image, some renewables may have hidden environmental costs, making them less viable., c. By 2050, around 50% of solar panel installations will be on rooftops, freeing up land for other uses., d. Fossil fuels burden the environment heavily, while renewables generally have lower pollution impacts., e. Despite requiring more space, one renewable type compares favourably to fossil fuel production., f. Site selection and operational planning are essential to maximise power generation and minimize negative interactions with wildlife, such as birds., g. While this energy form can be polluting, the effects can be mitigated somewhat by carbon capture and storage.] 18.Paragraph 6 Answer 4 Question 9[select: , a. Low-carbon technologies used to generate electricity are becoming more popular than traditional energy sources., b. Despite their ‘green energy’ image, some renewables may have hidden environmental costs, making them less viable., c. By 2050, around 50% of solar panel installations will be on rooftops, freeing up land for other uses., d. Fossil fuels burden the environment heavily, while renewables generally have lower pollution impacts., e. Despite requiring more space, one renewable type compares favourably to fossil fuel production., f. Site selection and operational planning are essential to maximise power generation and minimize negative interactions with wildlife, such as birds., g. While this energy form can be polluting, the effects can be mitigated somewhat by carbon capture and storage.]
Question textSection E Read this paragraph and answer the following questions. The differences between Western-style and Asian education systems, particularly in their learning and teaching styles, and overall values and goals, are well documented. Both systems have unique strengths that prepare students for different aspects of life and work. Western education, such as in the US or UK, tends to focus on student-centred learning, encouraging critical thinking, creativity, and individual expression. Classrooms are interactive, with discussions, group work, and diverse assessment methods like projects and essays. In contrast, Asian education systems, such as those in China or Japan, emphasize teacher-centred learning with a strong focus on discipline and memorization of information. Classrooms are more formal, and high-stakes exams play a crucial role. Western education values holistic development, promoting independence and personal growth. Asian education prioritizes academic excellence and collective success, often putting group or family goals above individual aspirations. Typically, Western students may excel in creativity and problem-solving, while Asian students have greater discipline, more often achieving higher academic performance. Questions 12 - 14. Which of the following ideas are mentioned in the text? Select three ideas in the same order as they appear in the text. a. Academic results tend to be better in Asia.b. For Western students, individual ambitions are more important than group success.c. Western and Asian education have different kinds of documents.d. Western and Asian education systems develop necessary skills for adulthood.e. Western schooling encourages collaboration.f. Western schools assess diversity in their projects.12. Answer 1 Question 8[select: , a. Academic results tend to be better in Asia., b. For Western students, individual ambitions are more important than group success., c. Western and Asian education have different kinds of documents., d. Western and Asian education systems develop necessary skills for adulthood., e. Western schooling encourages collaboration., f. Western schools assess diversity in their projects] 13. Answer 2 Question 8[select: , a. Academic results tend to be better in Asia., b. For Western students, individual ambitions are more important than group success., c. Western and Asian education have different kinds of documents., d. Western and Asian education systems develop necessary skills for adulthood., e. Western schooling encourages collaboration., f. Western schools assess diversity in their projects] 14. Answer 3 Question 8[select: , a. Academic results tend to be better in Asia., b. For Western students, individual ambitions are more important than group success., c. Western and Asian education have different kinds of documents., d. Western and Asian education systems develop necessary skills for adulthood., e. Western schooling encourages collaboration., f. Western schools assess diversity in their projects]
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