Porter and Kramer criticise prevailing CSR justifications such as moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation mainly because they:

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Porter and Kramer’s central conceptual move is “creating shared value” — linking social issues directly to a firm’s competitive advantage — so their critique targets CSR approaches that are normative or defensive rather than strategic.

Relevant concepts: moral obligation (ethical duty), sustainability (long‑term environmental/resource concerns), license to operate (avoiding regulatory/social sanction), and reputation (image management). Creating shared value emphasizes the value‑chain, competitive context, and selecting social priorities that intersect with a firm’s business model so actions produce both social benefit and economic return.

Step‑by‑step reasoning:
1. List the prevailing justifications: moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, reputation.
2. Evaluate each against Porter & Kramer’s standard of strategic guidance:
   - Moral obligation: prescribes an ethical reason to act but gives no method for choosing which social issues to invest in or how to capture business benefit.
   - Sustainability: highlights long‑term risks/opportunities but is often broad and doesn’t prioritize issues by their link to firm advantage.
   - License to operate: defensive and reactive—focused on avoiding harm or sanction rather than creating competitive value.
   - Reputation: manages perceptions but may drive short‑term PR rather than systemic, strategic integration into core activities.
3. Conclude these rationales are inadequate because they do not tell managers which social issues matter most to their specific business and how to connect responses to competitive advantage.

Why the correct answer is correct: Porter & Kramer argue the primary failure of those justifications is precisely this lack of strategic prioritization and connection to competitive advantage — hence answer b.

Why other options are incorrect:
- a is wrong: Porter & Kramer do not reject a business role; they advocate active engagement through shared value.
- c is wrong: they do not recommend delegating CSR to NGOs; they call for firms to integrate social issues into their core strategies.

Conclusion: The best choice is b, which matches the provided answer.

Porter and Kramer criticise prevailing CSR justifications such as moral obligation, sustainability, license to operate, and reputation mainly because they:单项选择题

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