Which of the following statements about prediction errors in psychosis is INCORRECT?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Predictive coding and aberrant salience explain how brain prediction errors (PEs)—the mismatch between expected and actual sensory/reward outcomes—drive updating of beliefs; dopamine dysregulation in psychosis alters PE magnitude.

Relevant concepts:
- Prediction error (PE): signal for surprise used to update expectations.
- Aberrant salience: excess PE leads to delusions/hallucinations.
- Clinical course and medication: first-episode and high-risk (prodromal) states often show different PE patterns than chronic, medicated schizophrenia.

Step-by-step reasoning:
1. Empirical pattern: Unmedicated or early-stage patients (clinical high risk, first-episode psychosis) typically show elevated PE signals relative to healthy controls because early dopamine dysregulation increases surprise signals. Therefore statement 3 (“They are larger in patients at high risk … compared to controls”) is correct.
2. Chronic schizophrenia, often treated with antipsychotics that dampen dopamine, frequently shows blunted PE (especially reward PE in striatum) relative to matched healthy individuals. Thus statement 1 (“They are typically smaller in people with schizophrenia than matched healthy individuals”) reflects this common finding and is correct for many chronic/medicated samples.
3. Comparing stages: first-episode psychosis usually exhibits stronger PE abnormalities than chronic, medicated schizophrenia — early pathophysiology and less medication-related suppression means first-episode > chronic. Hence statement 4 (“They are typically larger in first episode psychosis compared to patients with schizophrenia”) is correct.
4. The incorrect claim is statement 2: “They are larger in patients at high risk for schizophrenia compared to first episode psychosis.” This reverses the typical ordering. While both high-risk and first-episode groups show elevated PEs versus controls, first-episode patients commonly show equal or larger PE signals than high-risk individuals because pathology escalates at onset. Therefore statement 2 is false.

Conclusion: The incorrect statement is “They are larger in patients at high risk for schizophrenia compared to first episode psychosis,” which matches the provided answer.

Which of the following statements about prediction errors in psychosis is INCORRECT?单项选择题

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