What does NOT need to be cited and referenced?

(Refer to When do you need to reference?)

Question

What does NOT need to be cited and referenced?

(Refer to When do you need to reference?)

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Common knowledge and personal observations do not require citation because they either belong to the public domain of shared facts or originate in the writer’s own experience and reasoning.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Common knowledge: facts widely known and verifiable in multiple sources (e.g., "Water boils at 100°C at sea level") that do not need a citation. 
- Original observations/opinions/conclusions: material produced by the author (e.g., results of your own experiment, your interpretation) that is not drawn from another author. 
- When to reference: you must cite when you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or use others’ data, ideas, theories, statistics, or images—anything that isn’t common knowledge or your own work.

2) Step-by-step reasoning
- Identify the nature of the statement: Is it a widely known fact (common knowledge)? Is it your own result or interpretation? If yes, no citation required. 
- If the statement derives from a specific study, dataset, or another author’s idea, cite the source. 
- Apply to each item: “Common knowledge” – widely known, no citation. “Your own observations” – original, no citation. “Opinions, comments and conclusions” – if they are your own views, no citation; if they rest on others’ work, cite that work.

3) Calculations/intermediate steps
- No numeric calculations are required here; the logical partitioning above serves as the procedural steps.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- The listed items are intrinsic either to public domain knowledge or to the author’s original intellectual output. Referencing is intended to credit others’ contributions; it is not needed for facts everyone knows or for your own analysis.

5) Why other typical options would be incorrect
- Items that do require citation include direct quotes, paraphrases of others’ ideas, specific facts or statistics not widely known, images, datasets, and theories—these must be referenced, so any option listing those would be incorrect.

6) Conclusion
- Therefore, “Common knowledge, your own observations, opinions, comments and conclusions.” is the correct choice and matches the provided answer.

What does NOT need to be cited and referenced? (Refer to When do you need to reference?)单项选择题

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