Question at position 17 Trying to understand why people do not always help a stranger in need is the focus of ______ research.kin selectionagreeablenessreciprocal altruismbystander interventioncost-benefit analysis单项选择题
A
kin selection
B
agreeableness
C
reciprocal altruism
D
bystander intervention
E
cost-benefit analysis

Question

Question at position 17 Trying to understand why people do not always help a stranger in need is the focus of ______ research.kin selectionagreeablenessreciprocal altruismbystander interventioncost-benefit analysis单项选择题

A

kin selection

B

agreeableness

C

reciprocal altruism

D

bystander intervention

E

cost-benefit analysis

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Bystander intervention research examines why people fail to help strangers and identifies situational and social-psychological processes that inhibit helping.

1) Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Bystander intervention theory (Latane & Darley) identifies key barriers: diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance, audience inhibition, and cost–reward calculations within a social context. The famous Kitty Genovese case and laboratory studies (e.g., seizure experiment) motivate this line of research.
- Other concepts in the choices: kin selection (evolutionary bias to help relatives), agreeableness (a personality trait linked to prosocial behavior), reciprocal altruism (helping with expectation of future return), and general cost–benefit analysis (weighing costs and benefits, broader than the bystander phenomenon).

2) Step-by-step reasoning process
- The question specifically targets “trying to understand why people do not always help a stranger in need.” That specificity points to research about situational social influences when multiple witnesses are present.
- Bystander intervention research directly addresses this: experiments show that when more bystanders are present, individuals are less likely to act (diffusion of responsibility).
- The researchers outline sequential decision steps: notice the event → interpret as emergency → assume personal responsibility → know how to help → implement help. Failures at any step explain non-helping.

3) Intermediate steps / examples
- Latane & Darley (1968): participants hearing someone having a seizure were less likely to help or report when they believed others were also aware. This demonstrates diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance in practice.
- Pluralistic ignorance: ambiguous situations lead witnesses to look to others; if others appear calm, individuals assume no emergency.

4) Why the correct answer is correct
- Bystander intervention research is explicitly designed to explain why bystanders, especially strangers, sometimes do not help. Its core focus is on social influences in groups that reduce helping behavior.

5) Why other options are incorrect
- Kin selection: explains helping relatives due to genetic fitness, not strangers in public situations.
- Agreeableness: a personality correlate of helping, but not the research program explaining situational failure to help strangers.
- Reciprocal altruism: concerns long-term exchanges, not immediate bystander inaction.
- Cost–benefit analysis: a broader decision framework; while related, it does not specifically name the classic research area focused on bystander non-helping.

6) Conclusion
This explanation shows that the appropriate research focus for why people sometimes do not help a stranger is bystander intervention, matching the provided answer: bystander intervention.

Question at position 17 Trying to understand why people do not always help a stranger in need is the focus of ______ research.kin selectionagreeablenessreciprocal altruismbystander interventioncost-benefit analysis单项选择题

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