Movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy obtained from ATP is called ____.

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

Active transport uses cellular energy (ATP) to move solutes from lower to higher concentration across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

1. Relevant knowledge points and concepts
- Concentration gradients: movement down a gradient (high to low) is energetically favorable; movement up a gradient (low to high) requires energy input.
- ATP hydrolysis: ATP → ADP + Pi provides energy for conformational changes in membrane proteins.
- Types of membrane transport: passive transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) requires no ATP; active transport requires ATP (primary) or uses energy stored in gradients (secondary).

2. Step-by-step reasoning process
- The phrase “from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration” indicates movement against the concentration gradient.
- Movement against a gradient cannot occur by passive mechanisms because those rely on spontaneous diffusion down gradients.
- Therefore the mechanism must be one that couples energy to transport—i.e., active transport.

3. Intermediate steps / biochemical detail
- Example: The Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in per ATP hydrolyzed. ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi releases energy; conformational changes in the pump move ions against their gradients.
- Primary active transport directly uses ATP; secondary active transport uses the energy of an existing electrochemical gradient (established by ATP-driven pumps) to move another solute uphill.

4. Why the correct answer is correct
- Active transport is explicitly defined as movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy (often ATP), matching the question wording exactly.

5. Why other options are incorrect
- Passive transport: no energy used; moves down gradients.
- Diffusion: spontaneous movement from high to low concentration (down gradient).
- Facilitated transport (facilitated diffusion): carrier/channel-mediated but still passive (down gradient, no ATP).
- Osmosis: passive movement of water across a membrane down its water potential (no ATP).

6. Conclusion
The correct choice is active transport, which matches the provided answer.

Movement of a substance from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy obtained from ATP is called ____.单项选择题

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