PATIENT 2: pH-D.   Continuing with the same patient, what compensation(s) would occur if this condition persists? Mark all 3 correct answers. 多项选择题

A

This is a respiratory problem and the respiratory system cannot compensate.

B

Carbonic anhydrase would be inhibited in the alpha-intercalated cells of the LDCT, which will stop the production and reabsorption of new bicarbonate and will decrease secretion of H+.

C

Carbonic anhydrase would be inhibited in the PCT which will stop bicarbonate reabsorption, resulting in excess bicarbonate in the urine.

D

Carbonic anhydrase would be activated in the alpha-intercalated cells of the LDCT, resulting in the production and reabsorption of new bicarbonate and increased secretion of H+ which will bind to tubular buffers and be excreted in the urine.

E

The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata will detect the basic pH of the CSF, which will trigger decreased rate and depth of ventilation to trap CO2.

F

Carbonic anhydrase would be activated in the PCT resulting in reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate.

G

The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata will detect the acidic pH of the CSF, which will trigger increased rate and depth of ventilation to remove CO2.

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Gaseous CO2 is efficiently expelled in the lungs in normal physiological condition. However, in obstructive lung disease, expiration is impaired. The resulting excess of CO2 in the body may lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition in which excess acid accumulates in bodily fluids.[Fill in the blank] By using a suitable equation and your understanding of buffers, explain how the accumulation of CO2 leads to respiratory acidosis.[Fill in the blank] Discuss how respiratory acidosis can be corrected with a bicarbonate buffering system.[Fill in the blank]

According to the chemical dynamics of the blood buffering system (Le Chatelier’s Principle), when the pCO2 of the blood increases, the production of bicarbonate [ Select ] decreases increases , and the production of hydrogen ions [ Select ] increases decreases .

Question textFor each statement, select the best answer that completes the concept relating to acid-base homeostasis. Normal arterial plasma pH is maintained within a narrow range of approximately Answer 1 Question 17[select: , 7.60 to 7.80, 6.50 to 6.90, 6.80 to 7.00, 7.00 to 7.20, 7.35 to 7.45]. The most important extracellular fluid chemical buffer system is the Answer 2 Question 17[select: , protein digestion buffer system, phosphate buffer system only, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, renal sodium buffer system, oxygen-haemoglobin system only]. If ventilation increases substantially, body pH tends to rise because Answer 3 Question 17[select: , all acids stop being produced, pCO2 falls and H+ formation decreases, pCO2 rises and H+ formation increases, kidneys excrete all hydrogen ions instantly, HCO3- is immediately lost in urine]. The kidneys can raise body pH by Answer 4 Question 17[select: , retaining H+ and excreting HCO3-, increasing glucose excretion, increasing H+ excretion and increasing HCO3- reabsorption, decreasing all tubular transport, stopping urine formation]. A runner develops acidosis after extreme exercise. The most immediate compensatory response would be Answer 5 Question 17[select: , hyperventilation to lower pCO2, reduced ventilation to lower pH further, cessation of buffering, hypoventilation to retain CO2, renal bicarbonate loss within minutes]. A patient hypoventilates after sedative drug use and develops respiratory acidosis. Compensation would primarily involve Answer 6 Question 17[select: , the liver producing ketones, the kidneys increasing H+ excretion and HCO3- reabsorption, loss of all urinary buffers, the pancreas secreting bicarbonate into blood, the lungs reducing ventilation further]. Please answer all parts of the question.

Question textFor each statement, select the best answer that completes the concept relating to acid-base homeostasis. Normal arterial plasma pH is maintained within a narrow range of approximately Answer 1 Question 17[select: , 7.60 to 7.80, 6.50 to 6.90, 6.80 to 7.00, 7.00 to 7.20, 7.35 to 7.45]. The most important extracellular fluid chemical buffer system is the Answer 2 Question 17[select: , protein digestion buffer system, phosphate buffer system only, carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, renal sodium buffer system, oxygen-haemoglobin system only]. If ventilation increases substantially, body pH tends to rise because Answer 3 Question 17[select: , all acids stop being produced, pCO2 falls and H+ formation decreases, pCO2 rises and H+ formation increases, kidneys excrete all hydrogen ions instantly, HCO3- is immediately lost in urine]. The kidneys can raise body pH by Answer 4 Question 17[select: , retaining H+ and excreting HCO3-, increasing glucose excretion, increasing H+ excretion and increasing HCO3- reabsorption, decreasing all tubular transport, stopping urine formation]. A runner develops acidosis after extreme exercise. The most immediate compensatory response would be Answer 5 Question 17[select: , hyperventilation to lower pCO2, reduced ventilation to lower pH further, cessation of buffering, hypoventilation to retain CO2, renal bicarbonate loss within minutes]. A patient hypoventilates after sedative drug use and develops respiratory acidosis. Compensation would primarily involve Answer 6 Question 17[select: , the liver producing ketones, the kidneys increasing H+ excretion and HCO3- reabsorption, loss of all urinary buffers, the pancreas secreting bicarbonate into blood, the lungs reducing ventilation further].

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